{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:32:58Z","timestamp":1793503978601,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["HKU SRFS2021-7S03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKU SRFS2021-7S03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus (DTP)\u2013containing vaccines combined with polio vaccines are recommended by the World Health Organization as part of routine immunization programs. The decline of immunity after vaccination has been considered as a possible reason for the reemergence of vaccine-preventable diseases worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the potential duration of protective immunity of pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio through a systematic review and meta-analysis. We examined data on immunological and clinical outcomes. We observed evidence of waning postvaccination immunity for pertussis and diphtheria, whereas tetanus and polio vaccines provided sustained protection. Further research on the risk factors of waning immunity after vaccination and the optimal timing of booster doses for pertussis and diphtheria is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T19:12:04Z","timestamp":1631819524000},"page":"557-566","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Waning Immunity After Receipt of Pertussis, Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Polio-Related Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Huizhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric H Y","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6297-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Cowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021508045682900_CIT0001","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"2022021508045682900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_21","article-title":"Pertussis: history of the disease and current prevention failure.","volume":"934","author":"Kuchar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2022021508045682900_CIT0003","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022021508045682900_CIT0004","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022021508045682900_CIT0005","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022021508045682900_CIT0006","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022021508045682900_CIT0007","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022021508045682900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29576","article-title":"Licensed pertussis vaccines in the United States. 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