{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:21:57Z","timestamp":1790749317712,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-2027369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-2027369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CK000592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CK000592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been implemented to suppress transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidence indicates that NPIs against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may also have effects on transmission of seasonal influenza.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we use an absolute humidity-driven susceptible-infectious-recovered-susceptible (SIRS) model to quantify the reduction of influenza incidence and transmission in the United States and US Department of Health and Human Services regions after implementation of NPIs in 2020. We investigate long-term effect of NPIs on influenza incidence by projecting influenza transmission at the national scale over the next 5 years, using the SIRS model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimate that incidence of influenza A\/H1 and B, which circulated in early 2020, was reduced by more than 60% in the United States during the first 10 weeks following implementation of NPIs. The reduction of influenza transmission exhibits clear geographical variation. After the control measures are relaxed, potential accumulation of susceptibility to influenza infection may lead to a large outbreak, the scale of which may be affected by length of the intervention period and duration of immunity to influenza.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthcare systems need to prepare for potential influenza patient surges and advocate vaccination and continued precautions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T19:11:41Z","timestamp":1632165101000},"page":"1500-1508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Quantifying the Impact of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Influenza Transmission in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Shaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7072-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sen","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0001","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0002","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9757","article-title":"The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.","volume":"368","author":"Chinazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0004","article-title":"Burden and characteristics of COVID-19 in the United States during 2020","author":"Pei","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0005","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30095-X","article-title":"School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review.","volume":"4","author":"Viner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd6370","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd6370","article-title":"Differential effects of intervention timing on COVID-19 spread in the United States.","volume":"6","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6105","article-title":"An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China.","volume":"368","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30547","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013182117","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections.","volume":"117","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa570","article-title":"Nonpharmaceutical interventions used to control COVID-19 reduced seasonal influenza transmission in China.","volume":"222","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30090-6","article-title":"Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study.","volume":"5","author":"Cowling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2022092200074696500_CIT0012","article-title":"Double trouble? 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