{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:33:53Z","timestamp":1788381233900,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1171890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1171890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1207299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1207299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R015600\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R015600\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Community Jameel"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Research Committee"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detection of poliovirus outbreaks relies on a complex laboratory algorithm of cell-culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing to distinguish wild-type and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) from Sabin-like strains. We investigated the potential for direct molecular detection and nanopore sequencing (DDNS) to accelerate poliovirus detection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed laboratory data for time required to analyze and sequence serotype-2 VDPV (VDPV2) in stool collected from children with acute flaccid paralysis in Africa (May 2016\u2013February 2020). Impact of delayed detection on VDPV2 outbreak size was assessed through negative binomial regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>VDPV2 confirmation in 525 stools required a median of 49 days from paralysis onset (10th\u201390th percentile, 29\u201374), comprising collection and transport (median, 16 days), cell-culture (7 days), intratypic differentiation quantitative reverse transcription PCR (3 days), and sequencing, including shipping if required (15 days). New VDPV2 outbreaks were confirmed a median of 35 days (27\u201360) after paralysis onset, which we estimate could be reduced to 16 days by DDNS (9\u201337). Because longer delays in confirmation and response were positively associated with more cases (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), we estimate that DDNS could reduce the number of VDPV2 cases before a response by 28% (95% credible interval, 12%\u201342%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DDNS could accelerate poliovirus outbreak response, reducing their size and the cost of eradication.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T22:18:39Z","timestamp":1633558719000},"page":"453-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Time Taken to Detect and Respond to Polio Outbreaks in Africa and the Potential Impact of Direct Molecular Detection and Nanopore Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Alexander G","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura V","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicksy","family":"Gumede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization African Region Office , Brazzaville , Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananda S","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas C","family":"Grassly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isobel M","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease 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