{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T10:41:22Z","timestamp":1776508882791,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["1126599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1126599"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI122640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI122640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY08098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY08098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP170102471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP170102471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1113293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1113293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship","award":["1058193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1058193"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Ideas","award":["2003192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2003192"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The antigen presentation molecule MR1 (major histocompatibility complex, class I\u2013related) presents ligands derived from the riboflavin (vitamin B) synthesis pathway, which is not present in mammalian species or viruses, to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. In this study, we demonstrate that varicella zoster virus (VZV) profoundly suppresses MR1 expression. We show that VZV targets the intracellular reservoir of immature MR1 for degradation, while preexisting, ligand-bound cell surface MR1 is protected from such targeting, thereby highlighting an intricate temporal relationship between infection and ligand availability. We also identify VZV open reading frame (ORF) 66 as functioning to suppress MR1 expression when this viral protein is expressed during transient transfection, but this is not apparent during infection with a VZV mutant virus lacking ORF66 expression. This indicates that VZV is likely to encode multiple viral genes that target MR1. Overall, we identify an immunomodulatory function of VZV whereby infection suppresses the MR1 biosynthesis pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T12:01:36Z","timestamp":1634126496000},"page":"391-401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Varicella Zoster Virus Impairs Expression of the Nonclassical Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I\u2013Related Gene Protein (MR1)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"227","author":[{"given":"Shivam K","family":"Purohit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Samer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamish E G","family":"McWilliam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Traves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Steain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian P","family":"McSharry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul R","family":"Kinchington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Tscharke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose A","family":"Villadangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Rossjohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Wales , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Abendroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Slobedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3298","article-title":"The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells.","volume":"16","author":"Godfrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.8.4066","article-title":"Genomics, isoforms, expression, and phylogeny of the MHC class I-related MR1 gene.","volume":"161","author":"Riegert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-012-0666-5","article-title":"Exceptionally high conservation of the MHC class I-related gene, MR1, among mammals.","volume":"65","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11605","article-title":"MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells.","volume":"491","author":"Kjer-Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13160","article-title":"T-cell activation by transitory neo-antigens derived from distinct microbial pathways.","volume":"509","author":"Corbett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3416","article-title":"The intracellular pathway for the presentation of vitamin B-related antigens by the antigen-presenting molecule MR1.","volume":"17","author":"McWilliam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12021","article-title":"Human blood MAIT cell subsets defined using MR1 tetramers.","volume":"96","author":"Gherardin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.1.1","article-title":"Analysis of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression by human peripheral blood CD4-8- alpha\/beta T cells demonstrates preferential use of several V beta genes and an invariant TCR alpha chain.","volume":"178","author":"Porcelli","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01433","article-title":"Selection of evolutionarily conserved mucosal-associated invariant T cells by MR1.","volume":"422","author":"Treiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.81","article-title":"MAIT cells are licensed through granzyme exchange to kill bacterially sensitized targets.","volume":"8","author":"Kurioka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1890","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of mucosal-associated invariant T cells.","volume":"11","author":"Le Bourhis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003681","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003681","article-title":"MAIT cells detect and efficiently lyse bacterially-infected epithelial cells.","volume":"9","author":"Le Bourhis","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.017","article-title":"Virus-mediated suppression of the antigen presentation molecule MR1.","volume":"30","author":"McSharry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112095","article-title":"Structural insight into MR1-mediated recognition of the mucosal associated invariant T cell receptor.","volume":"209","author":"Reantragoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140484","article-title":"A molecular basis underpinning the T cell receptor heterogeneity of mucosal-associated invariant T cells.","volume":"211","author":"Eckle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.10.7312-7317.1996","article-title":"The varicella-zoster virus ORF66 protein induces kinase activity and is dispensable for viral replication.","volume":"70","author":"Heineman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01887","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01887-18","article-title":"Infection and functional modulation of human monocytes and macrophages by varicella-zoster virus.","volume":"93","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.10.4878-4888.2001","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus retains major histocompatibility complex class I proteins in the Golgi compartment of infected cells.","volume":"75","author":"Abendroth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7932","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00292-15","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus 1 differentially modulate NKG2D ligand expression during productive infection.","volume":"89","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9034","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00711-07","article-title":"Downregulation of class I major histocompatibility complex surface expression by varicella-zoster virus involves open reading frame 66 protein kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms.","volume":"81","author":"Eisfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90161-H","article-title":"Serine protein kinase associated with varicella-zoster virus ORF 47.","volume":"191","author":"Ng","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.5.2265-2277.2000","article-title":"Nuclear accumulation of IE62, the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) major transcriptional regulatory protein, is inhibited by phosphorylation mediated by the VZV open reading frame 66 protein kinase.","volume":"74","author":"Kinchington","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax6624","article-title":"MAIT cells are imprinted by the microbiota in early life and promote tissue repair.","volume":"366","author":"Constantinides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-303339","article-title":"Human MAIT cells are xenobiotic-resistant, tissue-targeted, CD161hi IL-17-secreting T cells.","volume":"117","author":"Dusseaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf433","article-title":"Regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and transport genes in bacteria by transcriptional and translational attenuation.","volume":"30","author":"Vitreschak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02018-09","article-title":"Toxin profiling of Staphylococcus aureus strains involved in varicella superinfection.","volume":"48","author":"Raulin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.4.698","article-title":"Bacterial complications of primary varicella in children.","volume":"23","author":"Aebi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050688","article-title":"Varicella skin complications in childhood: a case series and a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"17","author":"Bozzola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s150100070035","article-title":"Hospitalization for primary varicella-zoster virus infection and its complications in patients from southern Israel.","volume":"28","author":"Somekh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343509","article-title":"CD161++ CD8+ T cells, including the MAIT cell subset, are specifically activated by IL-12+IL-18 in a TCR-independent manner.","volume":"44","author":"Ussher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86292","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86292","article-title":"Distinct activation thresholds of human conventional and innate-like memory T cells.","volume":"1","author":"Slichter","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.08.054","article-title":"TCR-or cytokine-activated CD8+ mucosal-associated invariant T cells are rapid polyfunctional effectors that can coordinate immune responses.","volume":"28","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-334698","article-title":"Innate signals overcome acquired TCR signaling pathway regulation and govern the fate of human CD161(hi) CD8\u03b1+ semi-invariant T cells.","volume":"118","author":"Turtle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545969","article-title":"TLR signaling in human antigen-presenting cells regulates MR1-dependent activation of MAIT cells.","volume":"46","author":"Ussher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12008","article-title":"MAIT cells and viruses.","volume":"96","author":"Ussher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13544","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T-cell frequency and function in blood and liver of HCV mono- and HCV\/HIV co-infected patients with advanced fibrosis.","volume":"38","author":"Beudeker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000526","article-title":"Perturbation of mucosal-associated invariant T cells and iNKT cells in HIV infection.","volume":"14","author":"Juno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11653","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11653","article-title":"MAIT cells are activated during human viral infections.","volume":"7","author":"Van Wilgenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31602","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cell dysregulation correlates with conjugated bilirubin level in chronic HBV infection.","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00870-z","article-title":"Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity.","volume":"22","author":"Flament","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8687","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01149-15","article-title":"The ORF61 protein encoded by simian varicella virus and varicella-zoster virus inhibits NF-\u03baB signaling by interfering with I\u03baB\u03b1 degradation.","volume":"89","author":"Whitmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.105","article-title":"Classical and non-classical MHC I molecule manipulation by human cytomegalovirus: so many targets\u2014but how many arrows in the quiver?","volume":"12","author":"Halenius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90215-1","article-title":"A cytosolic herpes simplex virus protein inhibits antigen presentation to CD8+ T lymphocytes.","volume":"77","author":"York","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0044","first-page":"79","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 66 protein kinase and its relationship to alphaherpesvirus US3 kinases.","volume":"342","author":"Erazo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01611-10","article-title":"The alphaherpesvirus US3\/ORF66 protein kinases direct phosphorylation of the nuclear matrix protein matrin 3.","volume":"85","author":"Erazo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023020118014523700_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11502","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01318-09","article-title":"Histone deacetylases 1 and 2 are phosphorylated at novel sites during varicella-zoster virus infection.","volume":"83","author":"Walters","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab526\/41279741\/jiab526.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/227\/3\/391\/49032800\/jiab526.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/227\/3\/391\/49032800\/jiab526.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:47:19Z","timestamp":1675298839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/227\/3\/391\/6396968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab526","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]}}}