{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:43:10Z","timestamp":1777614190997,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RN419944-439999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RN419944-439999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian COVID Genomics Network"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We determined the burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in air and on surfaces in rooms of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and investigated patient characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasopharyngeal swabs, surface, and air samples were collected from the rooms of 78 inpatients with COVID-19 at 6 acute care hospitals in Toronto from March to May 2020. Samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA), cultured to determine potential infectivity, and whole viral genomes were sequenced. Association between patient factors and detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in surface samples were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA was detected from surfaces (125 of 474 samples; 42 of 78 patients) and air (3 of 146 samples; 3 of 45 patients); 17% (6 of 36) of surface samples from 3 patients yielded viable virus. Viral sequences from nasopharyngeal and surface samples clustered by patient. Multivariable analysis indicated hypoxia at admission, polymerase chain reaction-positive nasopharyngeal swab (cycle threshold of\u2005\u226430) on or after surface sampling date, higher Charlson comorbidity score, and shorter time from onset of illness to sampling date were significantly associated with detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in surface samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The infrequent recovery of infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus from the environment suggests that the risk to healthcare workers from air and near-patient surfaces in acute care hospital wards is likely limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T23:28:19Z","timestamp":1637796499000},"page":"768-776","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Surface and Air Contamination With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients in Toronto, Canada, March\u2013May 2020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6424-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon D","family":"Kotwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alainna J","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, 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Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bryce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Coomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Crowl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Duchaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Universit\u00e9 de Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partment de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 de Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Faheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lubna","family":"Farooqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Hiebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North York 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