{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:33:04Z","timestamp":1788816784988,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21-HD098746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-HD098746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-AI120793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-AI120793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI136921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI136921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["47674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["47674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancy is a risk factor for progression from latent tuberculosis infection to symptomatic tuberculosis. However, how pregnancy influences T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured M. tuberculosis-specific cytokines, T-cell memory markers, and overall CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation by flow cytometry from 49 women (18 with and 31 without HIV) who became pregnant while enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of preexposure prophylaxis for HIV. We analyzed data using COMPASS, an established statistical method for evaluating overall antigen-specific T-cell responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women with latent tuberculosis infection demonstrated significantly diminished M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ cytokine responses in the third trimester (COMPASS polyfunctional score [PFS], 0.07) compared before (PFS, 0.15), during (PFS, 0.13 and 0.16), and after pregnancy (PFS, 0.14; P\u2005=\u2005.0084, Kruskal-Wallis test). Paradoxically, M. tuberculosis-specific CD8+ cytokines and nonspecifically activated T-cells increased during late pregnancy. Nonspecific T-cell activation, a validated biomarker for progression from latent tuberculosis infection to tuberculosis disease, increased in latent tuberculosis infection-positive women postpartum, compared with latent tuberculosis infection-negative women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancy-related functional T-cell changes were most pronounced during late pregnancy. Both M. tuberculosis-specific T-cell changes during pregnancy and increases in immune activation postpartum may contribute to increased risk for tuberculosis progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT0557245.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T15:11:19Z","timestamp":1639667479000},"page":"1663-1674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    -Specific T-Cell Responses Are Impaired During Late Pregnancy With Elevated Biomarkers of Tuberculosis Risk Postpartum"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aparajita","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Escuduero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Layouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbra","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Mugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Mujugira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Celum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared M","family":"Baeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairam","family":"Lingappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace C","family":"John-Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9809-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia M","family":"LaCourse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javeed A","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis732","article-title":"Tuberculosis in pregnant and postpartum women: epidemiology, management, and research gaps.","volume":"55","author":"Mathad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25481","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25481","article-title":"TB prevention strategies and unanswered questions for pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV: the need for improved evidence.","volume":"23","author":"Mathad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901886","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01886-2019","article-title":"Increased risk of active tuberculosis during pregnancy and postpartum: a register-based cohort study in Sweden.","volume":"55","author":"Jonsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201106-1083OC","article-title":"Risk of tuberculosis in pregnancy: a national, primary care-based cohort and self-controlled case series study.","volume":"185","author":"Zenner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.64","article-title":"The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy.","volume":"17","author":"Mor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-100003","article-title":"Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface.","volume":"31","author":"Erlebacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01138","article-title":"Changes in T cell and dendritic cell phenotype from mid to late pregnancy are indicative of a shift from immune tolerance to immune activation.","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan2946","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan2946","article-title":"An immune clock of human pregnancy.","volume":"2","author":"Aghaeepour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1213566","article-title":"Pregnancy and infection.","volume":"370","author":"Kourtis","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87490","article-title":"Risks associated with viral infections during pregnancy.","volume":"127","author":"Racicot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416569111","article-title":"Enhanced natural killer-cell and T-cell responses to influenza A virus during pregnancy.","volume":"111","author":"Kay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.2.390-395.1989","article-title":"T-cell-mediated protection of mice against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"57","author":"Leveton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.06.003","article-title":"Defining features of protective CD4 T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"29","author":"Sakai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0028","article-title":"CD4 T cell depletion exacerbates acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis while reactivation of latent infection is dependent on severity of tissue depletion in cynomolgus macaques.","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08904-3","article-title":"Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study.","volume":"359","author":"Badri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005667","article-title":"CD4 T cell-derived IFN-gamma plays a minimal role in control of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and must be actively repressed by PD-1 to prevent lethal disease.","volume":"12","author":"Sakai","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.7.4955","article-title":"Multifunctional, high-level cytokine-producing Th1 cells in the lung, but not spleen, correlate with protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosol challenge in mice.","volume":"181","author":"Forbes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6311","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300248","article-title":"Control of chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by CD4 KLRG1- IL-2-secreting central memory cells.","volume":"190","author":"Lindenstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.06.001","article-title":"TB vaccines; promoting rapid and durable protection in the lung.","volume":"35","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.03.001","article-title":"Role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"7","author":"Grotzke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1355OC","article-title":"CD8+ T cells provide an immunologic signature of tuberculosis in young children.","volume":"185","author":"Lancioni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11290","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11290","article-title":"T-cell activation is an immune correlate of risk in BCG vaccinated infants.","volume":"7","author":"Fletcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108524","article-title":"Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women.","volume":"367","author":"Baeten","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20007","article-title":"Confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by flow cytometry after ex vivo incubation of peripheral blood T cells with an ESAT-6-derived peptide pool.","volume":"60","author":"Tesfa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21275","article-title":"Flow cytometry analysis of CD4+IFN-gamma+ T-cells for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"90","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3187","article-title":"COMPASS identifies T-cell subsets correlated with clinical outcomes.","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201611-2346OC","article-title":"A functional TOLLIP variant is associated with BCG-specific immune responses and tuberculosis.","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.08.020","article-title":"Comparison of whole-blood interferon-gamma assay and flow cytometry for the detection of tuberculosis infection.","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12290","article-title":"Multi-functional flow cytometry analysis of CD4+ T cells as an immune biomarker for latent tuberculosis status in patients treated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.","volume":"176","author":"Sauzullo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0441-3","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3-independent immune markers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure.","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0490-8","article-title":"CD8 T cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.01.011","article-title":"Role of CD8 T-cell in immune response to tuberculosis-specific antigen in QuantiFERON-TB gold plus.","volume":"26","author":"Tsuyuzaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001298","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy on interferon gamma release assay and tuberculin skin test detection of latent TB infection among HIV-infected women in a high burden setting.","volume":"75","author":"LaCourse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2274","article-title":"T-cell quality in memory and protection: implications for vaccine design.","volume":"8","author":"Seder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.02.010","article-title":"Understanding subset diversity in T cell memory.","volume":"48","author":"Jameson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu347","article-title":"Central memory CD4+ T cells are responsible for the recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin \u0394 ureC:: hly vaccine\u2019s superior protection against tuberculosis.","volume":"210","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801350","article-title":"Effector and activated T cells induce preterm labor and birth that is prevented by treatment with progesterone.","volume":"202","author":"Arenas-Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092308","article-title":"Pregnancy differentially impacts performance of latent tuberculosis diagnostics in a high-burden setting.","volume":"9","author":"Mathad","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201508-1595OC","article-title":"Quantitative IFN-gamma and IL-2 response associated with latent tuberculosis test discordance in HIV-infected pregnant women.","volume":"193","author":"Mathad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.07.007","article-title":"High resolution radiographic and fine immunologic definition of TB disease progression in the rhesus macaque.","volume":"8","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.3973","article-title":"Induction of CD8 T cells against a novel epitope in TB10.4: correlation with mycobacterial virulence and the presence of a functional region of difference-1.","volume":"179","author":"Billeskov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200306-837OC","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells preferentially recognize heavily infected cells.","volume":"168","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00321","article-title":"Cellular regulation of the uterine microenvironment that enables embryo implantation.","volume":"6","author":"Zenclussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0395","article-title":"Biopsy-induced inflammatory conditions improve endometrial receptivity: the mechanism of action.","volume":"149","author":"Gnainsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00595","article-title":"HIV-exposed uninfected infants have increased regulatory T cells that correlate with decreased T cell function.","volume":"10","author":"Jalbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022050519481648500_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813060","article-title":"Isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women.","volume":"381","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab614\/42361216\/jiab614.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/225\/9\/1663\/43546305\/jiab614.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/225\/9\/1663\/43546305\/jiab614.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T16:31:37Z","timestamp":1651768297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/225\/9\/1663\/6470923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab614","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.06.11.21258789","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]}}}