{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T18:07:06Z","timestamp":1792260426732,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001027","name":"Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Finger-stick point-of-care and dried blood spot (DBS) hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA testing increases testing uptake and linkage to care. This systematic review evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care testing and DBS to detect HCV RNA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bibliographic databases and conference presentations were searched for eligible studies. Meta-analysis was used to pool estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 359 articles identified, 43 studies were eligible and included. When comparing the Xpert HCV Viral Load Fingerstick assay to venous blood samples (7 studies with 987 samples), the sensitivity and specificity for HCV RNA detection was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI], 97%\u201399%) and 99% (95% CI, 94%\u2013100%) and for HCV RNA quantification was 100% (95% CI, 93%\u2013100%) and 100% (95% CI, 94%\u2013100%). The proportion of invalid results following Xpert HCV Viral Load Fingerstick testing was 6% (95% CI, 3%\u201311%). When comparing DBS to venous blood samples (28 studies with 3988 samples) the sensitivity and specificity for HCV RNA detection was 97% (95% CI, 95%\u201398%) and 100% (95% CI, 98%\u2013100%) and for HCV RNA quantification was 98% (95% CI, 96%\u201399%) and 100% (95% CI, 95%\u2013100%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excellent diagnostic accuracy was observed across assays for detection of HCV RNA from finger-stick and DBS samples. The proportion of invalid results following Xpert HCV Viral Load Fingerstick testing highlights the importance of operator training and quality assurance programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T07:08:16Z","timestamp":1644476896000},"page":"1005-1021","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy of Assays Using Point-of-Care Testing or Dried Blood Spot Samples for the Determination of Hepatitis C Virus RNA: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Catlett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney , Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Centre for Applied Medical Research , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Hajarizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Wolfson-Stofko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benazir","family":"Khandaker-Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan J","family":"Feld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Martr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Laboratori Cl\u00ednic Metropolitana Nord, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias I Pujol , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Chevaliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Viral Hepatitis B, C and Delta, Department of Virology, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Michel","family":"Pawlotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Viral Hepatitis B, C and Delta, Department of Virology, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrianna","family":"Bharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney , Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Centre for Applied Medical Research , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1833-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Grebely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30181-9","article-title":"Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study.","volume":"2","author":"Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0002","author":"World Health Organization: Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programme.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0003","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25058","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25058","article-title":"Approaches for simplified HCV diagnostic algorithms.","volume":"21","author":"Fourati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.002","article-title":"Who to test and how to test for chronic hepatitis C infection\u20142016 WHO testing guidance for low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"65","author":"Easterbrook","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2017.1400385","article-title":"Hepatitis C point-of-care diagnostics: in search of a single visit diagnosis.","volume":"17","author":"Grebely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.011","article-title":"Acceptability and preferences of point-of-care finger-stick whole-blood and venepuncture hepatitis C virus testing among people who inject drugs in Australia.","volume":"61","author":"Bajis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00471-4","article-title":"Interventions to enhance testing, linkage to care, and treatment initiation for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","author":"Cunningham","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.001","article-title":"The effect of introducing point-of-care or dried blood spot analysis on the uptake of hepatitis C virus testing in high-risk populations: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"26","author":"Coats","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.002","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions to enhance assessment, treatment, and adherence in the chronic hepatitis C care continuum.","volume":"26","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-014-9932-9","article-title":"Strategies for hepatitis C testing and linkage to care for vulnerable populations: point-of-care and standard HCV testing in a mobile medical clinic.","volume":"39","author":"Morano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Commun Health"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv162","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv162","article-title":"Simultaneous human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis B-hepatitis C point-of-care tests improve outcomes in linkage-to-care: results of a randomized control trial in persons without healthcare coverage.","volume":"2","author":"Bottero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv023","article-title":"A pilot study of rapid hepatitis C virus testing in the Rhode Island Department of Corrections.","volume":"38","author":"Beckwith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.09.004","article-title":"Uptake of hepatitis C specialist services and treatment following diagnosis by dried blood spot in Scotland.","volume":"61","author":"McAllister","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.07.002","article-title":"Interventions to enhance testing, linkage to care and treatment uptake for hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs: a systematic review.","volume":"47","author":"Bajis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41139-8","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory-based screening for hepatitis C in dried blood spot samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Vazquez-Moron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2776-z","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of detection and quantification of HBV-DNA and HCV-RNA using dried blood spot (DBS) samples\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Lange","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12345","article-title":"Dried blood spot in the genotyping, quantification and storage of HCV RNA: a systematic literature review.","volume":"22","author":"Greenman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h5527","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5527","article-title":"STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies.","volume":"351","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies.","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0022","volume-title":"Approaches to providing hepatitis C vireamia testing to people who inject drugs in Georgia, Head Start.","author":"Japaridze","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0023","article-title":"Point-of-care HCV RNA testing, linkage to nursing care, and peer-supported engagement and delivery to enhance HCV treatment among people with recent injecting drug use at a community-led needle and syringe program: the TEMPO pilot study.","author":"Grebely","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0024","article-title":"A successful hepatitis C outreach service in a medically supervised injecting room: increased uptake of screening and high rates of treatment initiation.","author":"MacIsaac","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(20)32033-X","article-title":"Rapid test & treat programme successfully facilitating hepatitis C micro-elimination in a women\u2019s prison.","volume":"73","author":"Ustianowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0026","article-title":"Micro-elimination of hepatitis C in HMP, Swansea\u2014first for a remand prison in the UK","author":"Davies","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0027","volume-title":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination in people who inject drugs (PWID): Sofosbuvir\/Velpatasvir (SOF\/VEL) as a simple tool to implement a test and treat approach in this vulnerable population.","author":"","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0218369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218369","article-title":"Systematic review of the performance and clinical utility of point of care HIV-1 RNA testing for diagnosis and care.","volume":"14","author":"Agutu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14315","article-title":"In-field evaluation of Xpert\u00ae HCV viral load fingerstick assay in people who inject drugs in Tanzania.","volume":"40","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30859-8","article-title":"A decentralised point-of-care testing model to address inequities in the COVID-19 response.","volume":"21","author":"Hengel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses.","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.09.013","article-title":"An empirical comparison of methods for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy showed hierarchical models are necessary.","volume":"61","author":"Harbord","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2015.16.6.1188","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating diagnostic test accuracy: a practical review for clinical researchers-part II. Statistical methods of meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"2022092122010616600_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086461","article-title":"Systematic review of the use of dried blood spots for monitoring HIV viral load and for early infant diagnosis.","volume":"9","author":"Smit","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac049\/44008241\/jiac049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/226\/6\/1005\/45966936\/jiac049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/226\/6\/1005\/45966936\/jiac049.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T18:06:32Z","timestamp":1663783592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/226\/6\/1005\/6527696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]}}}