{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T11:44:14Z","timestamp":1774007054134,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trypanosoma brucei brucei evades host immune responses by multiple means, including the disruption of B-cell homeostasis. This hampers anti-trypanosome vaccine development. Because the cellular mechanism underlying this pathology has never been addressed, our study focuses on the fate of memory B cells (MBCs) in vaccinated mice upon trypanosome challenge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and fluorescent phycoerythrin were used as immunization antigens. Functional and cellular characteristics of antigen-specific MBCs were studied after homologous and heterologous parasite challenge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunization with AnTat1.1 VSG triggers a specific antibody response and isotype-switched CD73+CD273+CD80+ MBCs, delivering 90% sterile protection against a homologous parasite challenge. As expected, AnTat1.1 VSG immunization does not protect against infection with heterologous VSG-switched parasites. After successful curative drug treatment, mice were shown to have completely lost their previously induced protective immunity against the homologous parasites, coinciding with the loss of vaccine-induced MBCs. A phycoerythrin immunization approach confirmed that trypanosome infections cause the general loss of antigen-specific splenic and bone marrow MBCs and a reduction in antigen-specific immunoglobulin G.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trypanosomosis induces general immunological memory loss. This benefits the parasites by reducing the stringency for antigenic variation requirements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T12:07:33Z","timestamp":1648296453000},"page":"528-540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Detrimental Effect of<i>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/i>Infection on Memory B Cells and Host Ability to Recall Protective B-cell Responses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Sangphil","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus , Incheon , South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibo","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Korea University , Sejong , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Stijlemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium"},{"name":"Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research , Brussels , Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Magez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus , Incheon , South Korea"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Radwanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus , Incheon , South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022082618084670300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081050","article-title":"the history of anti-trypanosome vaccine development shows that highly immunogenic and exposed pathogen-derived antigens are not 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