{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:27:44Z","timestamp":1790832464403,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM103554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM103554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes much less olfactory dysfunction than the previous variants. There are several potential mechanisms for how omicron may change tissue tropism and spare olfactory function. The new mutations make omicron more hydrophobic and alkaline than previous variants, which may reduce penetration of the mucus layer. Overall, the new mutations minimally change receptor binding affinity, but entry efficiency into host cells is reduced in cells expressing transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Because the support cells in the olfactory epithelium abundantly express TMPRSS2, these main target cells in the olfactory epithelium may become infected less by the new omicron variant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T18:33:05Z","timestamp":1648233185000},"page":"1304-1308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Why Does the Omicron Variant Largely Spare Olfactory Function? Implications for the Pathogenesis of Anosmia in Coronavirus Disease 2019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9614-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafal","family":"Butowt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Bydgoszcz , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bili\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Bydgoszcz , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"von Bartheld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China.","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00542","article-title":"The D614G virus mutation enhances anosmia in COVID-19 patients: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from South Asia.","volume":"12","author":"von Bartheld","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22902","article-title":"The taste of the pandemic-contemporary review on the current state of research on gustation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).","volume":"12","author":"Hintschich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","article-title":"Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus.","volume":"182","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00460","article-title":"Prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis reveals significant ethnic differences.","volume":"11","author":"von Bartheld","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e335","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00055-4","article-title":"Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study","volume":"6","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0007","article-title":"Omicron-associated changes in SARS-CoV-2 symptoms in the United Kingdom.","author":"Vihta","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0008"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101147","article-title":"Outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in Norway, November to December 2021.","volume":"26","author":"Brandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7050e1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant\u2014United States, December 1-8, 2021.","volume":"70","author":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team.","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0011"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0012","author":"UK Health Security Agency."},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2022.37.e31","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 40 patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in Korea.","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0014","article-title":"The epidemiology of hundreds of individuals infected with omicron BA.1 in Middle Eastern Jordan.","author":"Hajjo","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0015","article-title":"Breakthrough infections with the omicron and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 result in similar re-activation of vaccine-induced immunity.","author":"S\u00f8raas","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac089","article-title":"Omicron outbreak at a private gathering in the Faroe Islands, infecting 21 of 33 triple-vaccinated healthcare workers.","volume":"75","author":"Helmsdal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2666-9919(22)00036-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2022.02.003","article-title":"First cases of omicron in France are exhibiting mild symptoms, November 2021-January 2022.","author":"Maisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Now"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22995","article-title":"COVID-19-related smell and taste impairment with widespread diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant.","author":"Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00596","article-title":"Chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19: integration of genetic and epidemiological data points to D614G spike protein variant as a contributing factor.","volume":"11","author":"Butowt","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.027","article-title":"Visualizing in deceased COVID-19 patients how SARS-CoV-2 attacks the respiratory and olfactory mucosae but spares the olfactory bulb.","volume":"184","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.032","article-title":"The omicron variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralization: implications for control of the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"185","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh079","article-title":"Experimental and numerical determination of odorant solubility in nasal and olfactory mucosa.","volume":"29","author":"Kurtz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27526","article-title":"Omicron and delta variant of SARS-CoV-2: a comparative computational study of spike protein.","volume":"94","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35102-2","article-title":"The human olfactory cleft mucus proteome and its age-related changes.","volume":"8","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf2303","article-title":"Structural impact on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by D614G substitution.","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells.","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn7760","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant: antibody evasion and cryo-EM structure of spike protein-ACE2 complex.","volume":"375","author":"Mannar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04474-x","article-title":"Altered TMPRSS2 usage by SARS-CoV-2 omicron impacts tropism and fusogenicity.","volume":"603","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04442-5","article-title":"Attenuated replication and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 omicron.","volume":"603","author":"Shuai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2023329","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant shows less efficient replication and fusion activity when compared with delta variant in TMPRSS2-expressed cells.","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04462-1","article-title":"Attenuated fusogenicity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant.","volume":"603","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.032","article-title":"COVID-19 and the chemical senses: supporting players take center stage.","volume":"107","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0033","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant causes mild pathology in the upper and lower respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).","author":"Armando","journal-title":"Res Square"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.024","article-title":"Non-cell-autonomous disruption of nuclear architecture as a potential cause of COVID-19-induced anosmia.","volume":"185","author":"Zazhytska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00908-w","article-title":"The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for transmission in ferrets.","volume":"6","author":"Peacock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2022101708573196200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90460-2","article-title":"Denervation of the primary olfactory pathway in mice. V. Long-term effect of intranasal ZnSO4 irrigation on behavior, biochemistry and morphology.","volume":"140","author":"Harding","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brain Res"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac113\/43589880\/jiac113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/226\/8\/1304\/46542847\/jiac113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/226\/8\/1304\/46542847\/jiac113.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T04:59:12Z","timestamp":1665982752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/226\/8\/1304\/6573859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]}}}