{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:10:45Z","timestamp":1790885445720,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Franklin Adams Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants are a rapidly expanding population in sub-Saharan Africa and are highly susceptible to encapsulated bacterial disease in the first year of life. The mechanism of this increased risk is still poorly understood. We investigated whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposure dysregulates HEU immunity, vaccine-antibody production, and human herpes virus amplify this effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-four HIV-infected and 44 HIV-uninfected pregnant women were recruited into the birth cohort and observed up to 6 weeks of age; and then a subsequent 43 HIV-infected and 61 HIV-uninfected mother-infant pairs were recruited into a longitudinal infant cohort at either: 5\u20137 to 14\u201315; or 14\u201315 to 18\u201323 weeks of age. We compared monocyte function, innate and adaptive immune cell phenotype, and vaccine-induced antibody responses between HEU and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HU) infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrate (1) altered monocyte phagosomal function and B-cell subset homeostasis and (2) lower vaccine-induced anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and anti-tetanus toxoid immunoglobulin G titers in HEU compared with HU infants. Human herpes virus infection was similar between HEU and HU infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the era of antiretroviral therapy-mediated viral suppression, HIV exposure may dysregulate monocyte and B-cell function, during the vulnerable period of immune maturation. This may contribute to the high rates of invasive bacterial disease and pneumonia in HEU infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T07:10:56Z","timestamp":1649661056000},"page":"1243-1255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Defective Monocyte Enzymatic Function and an Inhibitory Immune Phenotype in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Uninfected African Infants in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Afran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi"},{"name":"Bristol Children\u2019s Vaccine Centre, Schools of Cellular & Molecular Medicine and of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kondwani C","family":"Jambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfred","family":"Nedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J C","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research 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Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Kamg\u2019ona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dumizulu","family":"Tembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Pachnio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Cancer Sciences Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Nastouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigit","family":"Ferne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry C","family":"Mwandumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Cancer Sciences Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT , United 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