{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:37:06Z","timestamp":1791265026359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI123321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI123321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI138139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI138139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI152220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI152220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI136118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI136118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI100569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI100569"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ben Mamoun Laboratory"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016230","name":"Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Lyme 62 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lyme 62 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014731","name":"Global Lyme Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Veterans Health Administration"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006379","name":"Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["i01 BX003312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["i01 BX003312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United States Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program","award":["PR181134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR181134"]}]},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Research Career Scientist Award","award":["14S-RCS001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14S-RCS001"]}]},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Merit Review Award","award":["BX004522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004522"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human babesiosis is a malaria-like illness caused by tick-borne intraerythrocytic Babesia parasites of the Apicomplexa phylum. Whereas several species of Babesia can cause severe disease in humans, the ability to propagate Babesia duncani both in vitro in human erythrocytes and in mice makes it a unique pathogen to study Babesia biology and pathogenesis. Here we report an optimized B. duncani in culture\u2013in mouse (ICIM) model that combines continuous in vitro culture of the parasite with a precise model of lethal infection in mice. We demonstrate that B. duncani\u2013infected erythrocytes as well as free merozoites can cause lethal infection in C3H\/HeJ mice. Highly reproducible parasitemia and survival outcomes could be established using specific parasite loads in different mouse genetic backgrounds. Using the ICIM model, we discovered 2 new endochin-like quinolone prodrugs (ELQ-331 and ELQ-468) that alone or in combination with atovaquone are highly efficacious against B. duncani and Babesia microti.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T15:10:39Z","timestamp":1651504239000},"page":"1267-1275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["<i>Babesia duncani<\/i>\n                    as a Model Organism to Study the Development, Virulence, and Drug Susceptibility of Intraerythrocytic Parasites In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Anasuya C","family":"Pal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaline","family":"Renard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratap","family":"Vydyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy E","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sovitj","family":"Pou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System , Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf W","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System , Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozalia","family":"Dodean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System , Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Frueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System , Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System , Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K","family":"Riscoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System , Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6098-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Stone","family":"Doggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System , Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choukri","family":"Ben Mamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023060200101651200_jiac181-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008626","article-title":"An urge to fill a knowledge void: malaria parasites are rarely investigated in threatened species","volume":"16","author":"Carmona-Isunza","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2023060200101651200_jiac181-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.11.002","article-title":"Unravelling the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of bovine babesiosis: is the sky the limit?","volume":"49","author":"Suarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2023060200101651200_jiac181-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9102","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks700","article-title":"Sequencing of the smallest Apicomplexan genome from the human pathogen Babesia microti","volume":"40","author":"Cornillot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2023060200101651200_jiac181-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091120","article-title":"Treatment of human babesiosis: then and now","volume":"10","author":"Renard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2023060200101651200_jiac181-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111447","article-title":"The global emergence of human babesiosis","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2023060200101651200_jiac181-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111430","article-title":"Ticks, human babesiosis and climate 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(Apicomplexa: Babesiidae) from humans and its differentiation from other piroplasms","volume":"36","author":"Conrad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2023060200101651200_jiac181-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19974","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC118.005771","article-title":"Establishment of a continuous in vitro culture of Babesia duncani in human erythrocytes reveals unusually high tolerance to recommended therapies","volume":"293","author":"Abraham","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2023060200101651200_jiac181-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0066221","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00662-21","article-title":"Effective therapy targeting cytochrome bc1 prevents Babesia erythrocytic development and protects from lethal infection","volume":"65","author":"Chiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents 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