{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:23:23Z","timestamp":1761582203060,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI068633","UM1AI068615","UM1AI106707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068633","UM1AI068615","UM1AI106707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Highly efficacious oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the global standard for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 prevention, including in clinical trials of novel PrEP agents using active-comparator designs. The analysis assessed whether incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can serve as a surrogate indicator of HIV-1 incidence that might occur in the absence of PrEP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed data from 3256 women randomized to placebo groups of oral and vaginal PrEP trials (MTN-003\/VOICE and MTN-020\/ASPIRE). Regression modeling assessed the correlation between incident individual STIs (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis, each considered separately) and incident HIV-1.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Across 18 sites in 4 countries (Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe), STI and HIV-1 incidences were high: HIV-1 4.9, N gonorrhoeae 5.3, C trachomatis 14.5, and T vaginalis 7.1 per 100 person-years. There was limited correlation between HIV-1 incidence and incidence of individual STIs: N gonorrhoeae (r\u2009=\u20090.02, P\u2009=\u2009.871), C trachomatis (r\u2009=\u20090.49, P\u2009=\u2009&amp;lt;.001), and T vaginalis (r =\u20090.10, P\u2009=\u2009.481). The modest association with C trachomatis was driven by country-level differences in both C trachomatis and HIV-1, with no statistically significant association within countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sexually transmitted infection incidence did not reliably predict HIV-1 incidence at the population level among at-risk African women participating in 2 large PrEP trials.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T18:34:11Z","timestamp":1656441251000},"page":"1069-1074","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Population-Level Correlation Between Incidence of Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Among African Women Participating in HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6692-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Portia","family":"Hunidzarira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre (UZ-CTRC) , Harare , Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics ; Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z Mike","family":"Chirenje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre (UZ-CTRC) , Harare , Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon L","family":"Hillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magee-Womens Research Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne M","family":"Marrazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Birmingham, Alabama , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thesla","family":"Palanee-Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, School of Public Health , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia M","family":"Kiweewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration , Kampala , Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jared M","family":"Baeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"University of Washington, Department of Global Health ; Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"University of Washington, Department of Medicine ; Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the MTN-003\/VOICE and MTN-020\/ASPIRE Study Teams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"author":"UNAIDS data 2018. \u2018Ending AIDS: Progress towards the 90-90-90 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