{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:01:20Z","timestamp":1790521280669,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monkeypox is an emerging zoonosis endemic to Central and West Africa. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is genetically structured in 2 major clades (clades 1 and 2\/3), but its evolution is poorly explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrieved MPXV genomes from public repositories and we analyzed geographic patterns using STRUCTURE. Molecular dating was performed using a using a Bayesian approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We show that the population transmitted in West Africa (clades 2\/3) experienced limited drift. Conversely, clade 1 (transmitted in the Congo Basin) possibly underwent a bottleneck or founder effect. Depending on the model used, we estimated that the 2 clades separated \u223c560\u2013860 (highest posterior density: 450\u2013960) years ago, a period characterized by expansions and contractions of rainforest areas, possibly creating the ecological conditions for the MPXV reservoir(s) to migrate. In the Congo Basin, MPXV diversity is characterized by 4 subpopulations that show no geographic structuring. Conversely, clades 2\/3 are spatially structured with 2 populations located West and East of the Dahomey Gap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The distinct histories of the 2 clades may derive from differences in MPXV ecology in West and Central Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T04:26:01Z","timestamp":1657772761000},"page":"742-751","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Geographic Structuring and Divergence Time Frame of Monkeypox Virus in the Endemic Region"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Forni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. 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