{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:56:48Z","timestamp":1776232608892,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CCGSFP 19001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCGSFP 19001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Serological testing of Singaporeans who received childhood smallpox vaccination found anti-vaccinia IgG binding and neutralizing activity indicating long-term humoral immunity. There was correlation between IgG and neutralizing titers indicating IgG could be used as a surrogate marker for humoral immunity.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In 2019, Singapore experienced a case of imported monkeypox. As with smallpox, disease can be prevented through vaccination, which was mandatory for Singaporean infants until 1981. However, the degree of residual immunity in older vaccinated Singaporeans remains unknown. Sera from individuals born 1946\u20131984 were therefore tested and those born prior to 1981 were found to have higher anti-vaccinia IgG and neutralizing activity titers. This suggests that protective humoral immunity remains, which could reduce disease severity in an orthopoxvirus outbreak. Correlation between IgG and neutralizing titers was observed indicating that serology could be used as a surrogate marker for immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T12:00:34Z","timestamp":1665057634000},"page":"1002-1006","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Residual Humoral Immunity Sustained Over Decades in a Cohort of Vaccinia-Vaccinated Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5730-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conrad E Z","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven K K","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurhidayah Binte M","family":"Yazid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oon Tek","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-5633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalisvar","family":"Marimuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwee Siew","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yee-Sin","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard P","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn S","family":"Vasoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barnaby E","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041817320316700_jiac409-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox\u2014a potential threat? 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