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Picornaviruses are common human pathogens, and infection can result in a spectrum of serious illnesses, including acute flaccid myelitis, severe respiratory complications, and hand-foot-mouth disease. Despite research on poliovirus establishing many fundamental principles of RNA virus biology and the first transgenic animal model of disease for infection by a human virus, picornaviruses are understudied. Existing knowledge gaps include, identification of molecules required for virus entry, understanding cellular and humoral immune responses elicited during virus infection, and establishment of immune-competent animal models of virus pathogenesis. Such knowledge is necessary for development of pan-picornavirus countermeasures. Defining enterovirus A71 and D68, human rhinovirus C, and echoviruses 29 as prototype pathogens of this virus family may provide insight into picornavirus biology needed to establish public health strategies necessary for pandemic preparedness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T17:18:12Z","timestamp":1666804692000},"page":"S427-S445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The\n                    <i>Picornaviridae<\/i>\n                    Family: Knowledge Gaps, Animal Models, Countermeasures, and Prototype Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Andino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , San Francisco, California 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