{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:41:46Z","timestamp":1773272506072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI068619\u201315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068619\u201315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI068617\u201315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068617\u201315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI068613\u201315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068613\u201315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 074 study evaluated an integrated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and prevention strategy among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Indonesia, Ukraine, and Vietnam. We previously detected multiple HIV infection in 3 of 7 (43%) of seroconverters with 3\u20138 HIV strains per person. In this report, we analyzed multiple HIV infection and HIV superinfection (SI) in the HPTN 074 cohort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed samples from 70 participants in Indonesia and Ukraine who had viral load &amp;gt;400\u2005copies\/mL at enrollment and the final study visit (median follow-up, 2.5\u2005years). HIV was characterized with Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Additional methods were used to characterize a rare case of triple-variant SI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At enrollment, multiple infection was detected in only 3 of 58 (5.2%) participants with env sequence data. SI was detected in only 1 of 70 participants over 172.3 person-years of follow-up (SI incidence, 0.58\/100 person-years [95% confidence interval, .015\u20133.2]). The SI case involved acquisition of 3 HIV strains with rapid selection of a strain with a single pol region cluster.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These data from a large cohort of PWID suggest that intrahost viral selection and other factors may lead to underestimation of the frequency of multiple HIV infection and SI events.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T17:58:51Z","timestamp":1667930331000},"page":"2181-2191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multiple Infection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Superinfection Among Persons who Inject Drugs in Indonesia and Ukraine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Philip J","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Grant-McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Kate","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular & Genomic Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Shadyside , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Piwowar-Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deeksha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Laeyendecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Facilitation Department, FHI 360 , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tran V","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostyantyn","family":"Dumchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy , Kyiv , Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zubairi","family":"Djoerban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Medicine, University of Indonesia\/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital , Jakarta , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Redd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Hanscom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irving","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William C","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan H","family":"Eshleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B1","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30325-5","article-title":"Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"16","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70097-9","article-title":"Risk of resistance to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive injecting drug users: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Werb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420040099027","article-title":"Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco","volume":"261","author":"Chaisson","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002062","article-title":"Sharing of injection drug preparation equipment is associated with HIV infection: a cross-sectional study","volume":"81","author":"Ball","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7444","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.15.7444-7452.2002","article-title":"Intersubtype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection following seroconversion to primary infection in two injection drug users","volume":"76","author":"Ramos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B7","first-page":"303","article-title":"Frequency of HIV-1 dual subtype infections, including intersubtype superinfections, among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00077-10","article-title":"Wide variation in the multiplicity of HIV-1 infection among injection drug users","volume":"84","author":"Bar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu056","article-title":"Low multiplicity of HIV-1 infection and No vaccine enhancement in VAX003 injection drug users","volume":"1","author":"Sterrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1081","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus from people who inject drugs in Indonesia, Ukraine, and Vietnam: HPTN 074","volume":"71","author":"Sivay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70066-5","article-title":"Frequency and implications of HIV superinfection","volume":"13","author":"Redd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2004.20.1026","article-title":"Failure to detect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection in 28 HIV-seroconcordant individuals with high risk of reexposure to the virus","volume":"20","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.94-103.2004","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection was not detected following 215 years of injection drug user exposure","volume":"78","author":"Tsui","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis325","article-title":"The rates of HIV superinfection and primary HIV incidence in a general population in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"206","author":"Redd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003593","article-title":"HIV-1 superinfection occurs less frequently than initial infection in a cohort of high-risk Kenyan women","volume":"9","author":"Ronen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1136","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance, phylogenetic analysis, and superinfection among men who have sex with men and transgender women in sub-Saharan Africa: HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 075 study","volume":"73","author":"Sivay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.01.013","article-title":"HIV-1 elite controllers: beware of super-infections","volume":"47","author":"Clerc","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4229-3","article-title":"A case report of HIV-1 superinfection in an HIV controller leading to loss of viremia control: a retrospective of 10 years of follow-up","volume":"19","author":"Caetano","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.10.1177","article-title":"Incidence of HIV superinfection following primary infection","volume":"292","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000180095.12276.ac","article-title":"HIV drug resistance acquired through superinfection","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2267","article-title":"Therapy failure resulting from superinfection by a drug-resistant HIV variant","volume":"17","author":"Pingen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-537","article-title":"Superinfection with drug-resistant HIV is rare and does not contribute substantially to therapy failure in a large European cohort","volume":"13","author":"Bartha","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.09.001","article-title":"HIV superinfection drives de novo antibody responses and not neutralization breadth","volume":"24","author":"Sheward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12737","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02260-13","article-title":"Dynamics of viral evolution and neutralizing antibody response after HIV-1 superinfection","volume":"87","author":"Chaillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir849","article-title":"HIV-1 dual infection is associated with faster CD4+ T-cell decline in a cohort of men with primary HIV infection","volume":"54","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1086\/520024","article-title":"HIV type 1 superinfection with a dual-tropic virus and rapid progression to AIDS: a case report","volume":"45","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001420","article-title":"Dual infection contributes to rapid disease progression in men who have sex with men in China","volume":"75","author":"Luan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02040-13","article-title":"HIV diversity as a biomarker for HIV incidence estimation: including a high-resolution melting diversity assay in a multiassay algorithm","volume":"52","author":"Cousins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005775","article-title":"Estimating time of HIV-1 infection from next-generation sequence diversity","volume":"13","author":"Puller","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz094","article-title":"Viral diversity based on next-generation sequencing of HIV-1 provides precise estimates of infection recency and time since infection","volume":"220","author":"Carlisle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31487-9","article-title":"A scalable, integrated intervention to engage people who inject drugs in HIV care and medication-assisted treatment (HPTN 074): a randomised, controlled phase 3 feasibility and efficacy study","volume":"392","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab281","article-title":"Engaging people who inject drugs living with HIV in antiretroviral treatment and medication for opioid use disorder: extended follow-up of HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 074","volume":"8","author":"Lancaster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02743-16","article-title":"Evaluation of a multidrug assay for monitoring adherence to a regimen for HIV preexposure prophylaxis in a clinical study, HIV Prevention Trials Network 073","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173705","article-title":"Contrasting antibody responses to intrasubtype superinfection with CRF02_AG","volume":"12","author":"Courtney","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1136","article-title":"HIV Drug resistance, phylogenetic analysis, and superinfection among men who have sex with men and transgender women in sub-Saharan Africa: HPTN 075","volume":"73","author":"Sivay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B36","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-337","article-title":"Adapterremoval: easy cleaning of next-generation sequencing reads","volume":"5","author":"Lindgreen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461","article-title":"Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST","volume":"26","author":"Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4137\/EBO.S21501","article-title":"A RESTful API for access to phylogenetic tools via the CIPRES science gateway","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evol Bioinform Online"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B40","author":"R Core Team"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts184","article-title":"ape 3.0: new tools for distance-based phylogenetics and evolutionary analysis in R","volume":"28","author":"Popescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vev003","article-title":"RDP4: detection and analysis of recombination patterns in virus genomes","volume":"1","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223829","article-title":"HIV Drug resistance in persons who inject drugs enrolled in an HIV prevention trial in Indonesia, Ukraine, and Vietnam: HPTN 074","volume":"14","author":"Palumbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9141","article-title":"Various types of HIV mixed infections in Cameroon","volume":"245","author":"Takehisa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8249","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8249-8261.2005","article-title":"In-depth, longitudinal analysis of viral quasispecies from an individual triply infected with late-stage human immunodeficiency virus type 1, using a multiple PCR primer approach","volume":"79","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.09.002","article-title":"High frequency of HIV-1 infections with multiple HIV-1 strains in men having sex with men (MSM) in Senegal","volume":"20","author":"Leye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00021","article-title":"Triple HIV-1 infection is associated with faster CD4(+) T-cell decline","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200506163522420","article-title":"Triple HIV-1 infection","volume":"352","author":"van der Kuyl","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002090","article-title":"HIV controllers suppress viral replication and evolution and prevent disease progression following intersubtype HIV-1 superinfection","volume":"33","author":"de Azevedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023060109502783600_jiac441-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000214810.65292.73","article-title":"A dual superinfection and recombination within HIV-1 subtype B 12 years after primoinfection","volume":"42","author":"Pernas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac441\/47414309\/jiac441.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/226\/12\/2181\/50499285\/jiac441.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/226\/12\/2181\/50499285\/jiac441.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T09:52:53Z","timestamp":1685613173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/226\/12\/2181\/6811512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]}}}