{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T15:50:32Z","timestamp":1794325832978,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective study assesses symptoms 3 months after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection compared to test-negative and population controls, and the effect of vaccination prior to infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants enrolled after a positive (cases) or negative (test-negative controls) SARS-CoV-2 test, or after invitation from the general population (population controls). After 3 months, participants indicated presence of 41 symptoms and severity of 4 symptoms. Permutation tests were used to select symptoms significantly elevated in cases compared to controls and to compare symptoms between cases that were vaccinated or unvaccinated prior to infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 9166 cases, 1698 symptomatic but test-negative controls, and 3708 population controls enrolled. At 3 months, 13 symptoms, and severity of fatigue, cognitive impairment, and dyspnea were significantly elevated incases compared to controls. Of cases, 48.5% reported \u22651 significantly elevated symptom compared to 29.8% of test-negative controls and 26.0% of population controls. Effect of vaccination could be determined for cases aged &amp;lt;65 years, and was significantly protective for loss of smell and taste but not for other symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, almost half of cases report symptoms, which was higher than background prevalence and test-negative prevalence. Vaccination prior to infection was protective against loss of smell and taste in cases aged &amp;lt;65 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T09:00:22Z","timestamp":1670230822000},"page":"1059-1067","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prevalence and Severity of Symptoms 3 Months After Infection With SARS-CoV-2 Compared to Test-Negative and Population Controls in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"227","author":[{"given":"Tessa","family":"van der Maaden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth N","family":"Mutubuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for 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