{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:47Z","timestamp":1792785947369,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"(NIH)","award":["HHSN272201300016I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300016I"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007172","name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C00012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007172","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Emmes Company","award":["HHSN272201300022I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300022I"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008510","name":"University of Maryland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN2722013000017I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN2722013000017I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006510","name":"Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201300018I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300018I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006939","name":"Emory University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272200800003C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272200800003C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006939","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000897","name":"Saint Louis University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201300015I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300015I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007856","name":"Baylor College of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005902","name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"at the"},{"name":"Baltimore"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clinical Translational Science Award","award":["1UL1TR003098)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR003098)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the associations between baseline influenza virus\u2013specific hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) titers and subsequent symptomatic influenza virus infection in a controlled human infection study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We inoculated unvaccinated healthy adults aged 18\u201349 years with an influenza A\/California\/04\/2009\/H1N1pdm-like virus (NCT04044352). We collected serial safety labs, serum for HAI and MN, and nasopharyngeal swabs for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. Analyses used the putative seroprotective titer of \u226540 for HAI and MN. The primary clinical outcome was mild-to-moderate influenza disease (MMID), defined as \u22651 postchallenge positive qualitative RT-PCR test with a qualifying symptom\/clinical finding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 76 participants given influenza virus challenge, 54 (71.1%) experienced MMID. Clinical illness was generally very mild. MMID attack rates among participants with baseline titers \u226540 by HAI and MN were 64.9% and 67.9%, respectively, while MMID attack rates among participants with baseline titers &amp;lt;40 by HAI and MN were 76.9% and 78.3%, respectively. The estimated odds of developing MMID decreased by 19% (odds ratio, 0.81 [95% confidence interval, .62\u20131.06]; P = .126) for every 2-fold increase in baseline HAI. There were no significant adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We achieved a 71.1% attack rate of MMID. High baseline HAI and MN were associated with protection from illness.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration.\u2003NCT04044352.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T22:14:00Z","timestamp":1674771240000},"page":"287-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Multicenter, Controlled Human Infection Study of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3138-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin R","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0100-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David I","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati , Ohio; Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F","family":"Hoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and"},{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher W","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micah T","family":"McClain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca C","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati , Ohio; Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2118-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Therapeutic Research Unit, The Emmes Company , Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1643-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Wegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Therapeutic Research Unit, The Emmes Company , Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2336-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"Robert W","family":"Frenck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati , Ohio; Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6502-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel B","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getahun","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7413-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah R","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9989-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert L","family":"Atmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, 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