{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T02:39:10Z","timestamp":1783651150961,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the past 2 decades, testing services for diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, and malaria have expanded dramatically. Investments in testing capacity and supportive health systems have often been disease specific, resulting in siloed testing programs with suboptimal capacity, reduced efficiency, and limited ability to introduce additional tests or respond to new outbreaks. Emergency demand for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing overcame these silos and demonstrated the feasibility of integrated testing. Moving forward, an integrated public laboratory infrastructure that services multiple diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases, and other infections, will help improve universal healthcare delivery and pandemic preparedness. However, integrated testing faces many barriers including poorly aligned health systems, funding, and policies. Strategies to overcome these include greater implementation of policies that support multidisease testing and treatment systems, diagnostic network optimization, bundled test procurement, and more rapid spread of innovation and best practices across disease programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T11:58:02Z","timestamp":1681300682000},"page":"1314-1317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Building Integrated Testing Programs for Infectious Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Alemnji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, US Department of State , Washington, District of Columbia, USA"},{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausta","family":"Mosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization , Harare , Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Maggiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Services, Clinton Health Access Initiative , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nqobile","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Unit, African Society for Laboratory medicine , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yenew","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Systems, Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appolinaire","family":"Tiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Strategy and Innovation Department, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatrics AIDS Foundation , Washington, District of Columbia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8595-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Access Department, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianna","family":"Edgil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Supply Chain for Health Division, United States Agency for International Development , Washington, District of Columbia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smiljka","family":"de Lussigny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program Division, Unitaid , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Services, Clinton Health Access Initiative , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B2","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12269","article-title":"Strengthening national health laboratories in sub-Saharan Africa: a decade of remarkable progress","volume":"19","author":"Alemnji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e362","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30120-8","article-title":"Laboratory medicine in Africa since 2008: then, now, and the future","volume":"18","author":"Nkengasong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis194","article-title":"Clinical research and development of tuberculosis diagnostics: moving from silos to synergy","volume":"205","author":"Nahid","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B6","first-page":"11","article-title":"Global health: integrating national laboratory health systems and services in resource-limited settings","volume":"1","author":"Parsons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Lab Med"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac013","article-title":"Nucleic acid point-of-care testing to improve diagnostic preparedness","volume":"75","author":"Jani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030123","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis control: an overview","volume":"5","author":"Alene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B9","author":"Bruton","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020094","article-title":"Operational research to assess the real-time impact of COVID-19 on TB and HIV services: the experience and response from health facilities in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"6","author":"Thekkur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30288-6","article-title":"Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B12","author":"The Global Fund"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B13","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B14","author":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B15","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010022","article-title":"Bringing data analytics to the design of optimized diagnostic networks in low- and middle-income countries: process, terms and definitions","volume":"11","author":"Nichols","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002367","article-title":"Building and sustaining optimized diagnostic networks to scale-up HIV viral load and early infant diagnosis","volume":"84","author":"Alemnji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193577","article-title":"Multidisease testing for HIV and TB using the GeneXpert platform: a feasibility study in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003031","article-title":"Feasibility and impact of near-point-of-care integrated TB\/HIV testing in Malawi and Zimbabwe","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.202602","article-title":"Two pandemics, one challenge\u2014leveraging molecular test capacity of tuberculosis laboratories for rapid COVID-19 case-finding","volume":"26","author":"Homolka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B21","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B22","author":"US President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13014","article-title":"Interventions to significantly improve service uptake and retention of HIV-positive pregnant women and HIV-exposed infants along the prevention of mother-to-child transmission continuum of care: systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Vrazo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B24","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS.","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab683","article-title":"Improvements in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 testing cascade in the United States: data from serial cross-sectional assessments","volume":"74","author":"Clipman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B26","author":"Senaite"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B27","author":"Unitaid","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B28","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023111212165954500_jiad103-B29","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad103\/50101513\/jiad103.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/228\/10\/1314\/53307769\/jiad103.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/228\/10\/1314\/53307769\/jiad103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T12:17:13Z","timestamp":1699791433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/228\/10\/1314\/7115793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]}}}