{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:06:36Z","timestamp":1789563996497,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) can limit treatment options. We assessed the contribution of international travel to antimicrobial-resistant NTS infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We describe NTS infections that were reported to the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network during 2018\u20132019 and screened for genetic resistance determinants, including those conferring decreased susceptibility to first-line agents (ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between resistance and international travel during the 7 days before illness began. We estimated the contribution of international travel to resistance using population-attributable fractions, and we examined reported antimicrobial use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 9301 NTS infections, 1159 (12%) occurred after recent international travel. Predicted resistance to first-line antimicrobials was more likely following travel; the adjusted odds ratio varied by travel region and was highest after travel to Asia (adjusted odds ratio, 7.2 [95% confidence interval, 5.5\u20139.5]). Overall, 19% (95% confidence interval, 17%\u201322%) of predicted resistance to first-line antimicrobials was attributable to international travel. More travelers than nontravelers receiving ciprofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones had isolates with predicted resistance to fluoroquinolones (29% vs 9%, respectively; P &amp;lt; .01).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>International travel is a substantial risk factor for antimicrobial-resistant NTS infections. Understanding risks of resistant infection could help target prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T10:27:12Z","timestamp":1683023232000},"page":"533-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antimicrobial-Resistant Nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella<\/i> Infection Following International Travel\u2014United States, 2018\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6253-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazel J","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Eikmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health , St Paul, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tennessee Department of Health , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin A","family":"Tagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"ASRT, Inc. , Smyrna Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayle","family":"Langley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian D","family":"Plumb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B1","article-title":"World health organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Kirk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B2","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819001651","article-title":"Incubation periods of enteric illnesses in foodborne outbreaks, United States, 1998\u20132013","volume":"147","author":"Chai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.190676","article-title":"Estimate of burden and direct healthcare cost of infectious waterborne disease in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:82532","volume-title":"Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2403","article-title":"Health outcomes from multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Parisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225800","article-title":"Quinolone nonsusceptibility among enteric pathogens isolated from international travelers\u2014Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) and National Antimicrobial Monitoring System (NARMS), 10 United States sites, 2004\u20132014","volume":"14","author":"Grass","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0854","article-title":"Salmonella infections associated with international travel: a Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) study","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6917a1","article-title":"Preliminary incidence and trends of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u2014Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2016\u20132019","volume":"69","author":"Tack","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B10","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.017303","article-title":"PulseNet: the molecular subtyping network for foodborne bacterial disease surveillance, United States","volume":"7","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2637","article-title":"An overview of PulseNet USA databases","volume":"16","author":"Tolar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B13","author":"Seemann","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020292","article-title":"Correlation between phenotypic and in silico detection of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica in Canada using Staramr","volume":"10","author":"Bharat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01466-19","article-title":"Sequencing and characterization of five extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi isolates implicated in human infections from Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Tagg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B16","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B17","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B18","author":"United Nations Statistics Division"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300402","article-title":"Attributable and unattributable risks and fractions and other scenario comparisons","volume":"13","author":"Newson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix669","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea","volume":"2017","author":"Shane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B21","first-page":"655","volume-title":"Red book: 2021\u20132024 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases","author":"Committee on Infectious Diseases","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taw090","article-title":"Resistant pathogens as causes of traveller's diarrhea globally and impact(s) on treatment failure and recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Tribble","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12507","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in human non-typhoidal Salmonella infections: an emerging public health problem in the United States","volume":"65","author":"Karp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1912464","article-title":"Acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by U. S. International travelers","volume":"382","author":"Mellon","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30418-9","article-title":"The global burden of non-typhoidal salmonella invasive disease: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1521-8","article-title":"Salmonella persisters promote the spread of antibiotic resistance plasmids in the gut","volume":"573","author":"Bakkeren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30141-9","article-title":"Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B29","volume-title":"National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): human isolates surveillance report for 2015 (final report)","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818000079","article-title":"Incubation period for outbreak-associated, non-typhoidal salmonellosis cases, Minnesota, 2000\u20132015","volume":"146","author":"Eikmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1086\/318457","article-title":"Nontyphoidal salmonellosis","volume":"32","author":"Acheson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0992","article-title":"An outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infections with an unusually long incubation period","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30319-X","article-title":"Import and spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae by international travellers (COMBAT study): a prospective, multicentre cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Arcilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1086\/381602","article-title":"Epidemiologic issues in study design and data analysis related to FoodNet activities","volume":"38","author":"Hardnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01030-16","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing for detecting antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella","volume":"60","author":"McDermott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2013major pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00163-20","article-title":"Persistent asymptomatic human infections by Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in China","volume":"5","author":"Paudyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2023083107430471400_jiad128-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1086\/421027","article-title":"Duration of nontyphoidal Salmonella carriage in asymptomatic adults","volume":"38","author":"Sirinavin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clini Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad128\/50457276\/jiad128.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/228\/5\/533\/51312773\/jiad128.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/228\/5\/533\/51312773\/jiad128.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T07:44:06Z","timestamp":1693467846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/228\/5\/533\/7147640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad128","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]}}}