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neonates are poorly understood. Using samples from neonates who initiated antiretroviral therapy shortly after birth, we demonstrate that interleukin-8\u2013secreting CD4 T cells, which are selectively expanded in early infancy, are more resistant to HIV-1 infection and inversely correlated with the frequency of intact proviruses at birth. Moreover, newborns with HIV-1 infection displayed a distinct B-cell profile at birth, with reduction of memory B cells and expansion of plasmablasts and transitional B cells; however, B-cell immune perturbations were unrelated to HIV-1 reservoir size and normalized after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration.\u2003NCT02369406.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T22:14:55Z","timestamp":1684448095000},"page":"281-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immune Modulation of HIV-1 Reservoir Size in Early-Treated Neonates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Ciputra Adijaya","family":"Hartana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar Garcia","family":"Broncano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7944-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Maswabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership , Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5408-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gbolahan","family":"Ajibola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership , Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership , Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. 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