{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:53:53Z","timestamp":1790970833186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI137364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inability to identify the microbial etiology of lower respiratory tract infection leads to unnecessary antibiotic use. We evaluated the utility of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel (BioFire PN) to inform microbiologic diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hospitalized adults with respiratory illness were recruited; sputa and clinical\/laboratory data were collected. Sputa were cultured for bacteria and tested with BioFire PN. Microbial etiology was adjudicated by 4 physicians. Bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was compared with culture and clinical adjudication.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 298 sputa tested, BioFire PN detected significantly more pathogens (350 bacteria, 16 atypicals, and 164 viruses) than sputum culture plus any standard-of-care testing (91% vs 60%, P &amp;lt; .0001). When compared with culture, the sensitivity of BioFire PN for individual bacteria was 46% to 100%; specificity, 61% to 100%; and negative predictive value, 92% to 100%. Cases were adjudicated as viral (n = 58) and bacterial (n = 100). PCR detected bacteria in 55% of viral cases and 95% of bacterial (P &amp;lt; .0001). High serum procalcitonin and bacterial adjudication were more often associated with sputa with 106 or 107 copies detected.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiplex PCR testing of sputa for bacteria is useful to rule out bacterial infection with added value to detect viruses and atypical bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T23:53:35Z","timestamp":1687910015000},"page":"214-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Real-life Assessment of BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel in Adults Hospitalized With Respiratory Illness"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Ann R","family":"Falsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela R","family":"Branche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A","family":"Formica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Rochester General Hospital , Rochester, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Peasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward E","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500245","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization","volume":"373","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30120-0","article-title":"Routine molecular point-of-care testing for respiratory viruses in adults presenting to hospital with acute respiratory illness (ResPOC): a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Brendish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1086\/656596","article-title":"The use of antimicrobial agents after diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections in hospitalized adults: antibiotics or anxiolytics?","volume":"31","author":"Shiley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012561","article-title":"New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"347","author":"Sethi","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000522","article-title":"Procalcitonin to guide antibiotic decision making","volume":"32","author":"Branche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0852","article-title":"Procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic therapy in acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"319","author":"Schuetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.031","article-title":"Promise and limitations of procalcitonin to identify bacterial infections in the pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"179","author":"Ramilo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S341","DOI":"10.1086\/382690","article-title":"\u201cCollateral damage\u201d from cephalosporin or quinolone antibiotic therapy","volume":"38","author":"Paterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614554919","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem","volume":"5","author":"Llor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900057","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00057-2019","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antibiotic use and poor outcomes in community-onset pneumonia: a cohort study","volume":"54","author":"Webb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu132","article-title":"Antibacterial resistance leadership group: open for business","volume":"58","author":"Chambers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B13","first-page":"200","article-title":"Increasing antimicrobial resistance poses global threat, WHO says","volume":"329","author":"Larkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00128-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00128-20","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia\/Pneumonia Plus Panel for detection and quantification of agents of lower respiratory tract infection","volume":"58","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04195-5","article-title":"Multinational evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Plus Panel as compared to standard of care testing","volume":"40","author":"Ginocchio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00135-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00135-20","article-title":"Practical comparison of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel to routine diagnostic methods and potential impact on antimicrobial stewardship in adult hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"58","author":"Buchan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03114-y","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of a syndromic rapid multiplex PCR test for early adaptation of antimicrobial therapy in adult patients with pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Monard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115236","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Plus Panel compared to conventional methods for the identification of bacteria in lower respiratory tract specimens: a prospective cross-sectional study from South Africa","volume":"99","author":"Mitton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab368","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab368","article-title":"Relationship of multiplex molecular pneumonia panel results with hospital outcomes and clinical variables","volume":"8","author":"Rand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa560","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa560","article-title":"Performance of a semiquantitative multiplex bacterial and viral PCR panel compared with standard microbiological laboratory results: 396 patients studied with the BioFire Pneumonia Panel","volume":"8","author":"Rand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2019.10.009","article-title":"Performance of a multiplex PCR pneumonia panel for the identification of respiratory pathogens and the main determinants of resistance from the lower respiratory tract specimens of adult patients in intensive care units","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B22","first-page":"377","article-title":"Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel Plus to the conventional diagnostic methods in determining the microbiological etiology of hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Kamel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-021-01990-0","article-title":"Detection of bacteria via multiplex PCR in respiratory samples of critically ill COVID-19 patients with suspected HAP\/VAP in the ICU","volume":"134","author":"Karolyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2021.106259","article-title":"Respiratory bacterial co-infections in intensive care unit-hospitalized COVID-19 patients: conventional culture vs BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Plus Panel","volume":"186","author":"Foschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122483","article-title":"High rates of bacterial pulmonary co-infections and superinfections identified by multiplex PCR among critically ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00343-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00343-20","article-title":"Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel for detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract specimens in the setting of a tertiary care academic medical center","volume":"58","author":"Webber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfac133","article-title":"Evaluation of microbiological concordance of a rapid molecular diagnostic pneumonia panel in a real-world population with pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"Larry","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.4.470-b","article-title":"The usefulness of sputum gram stain and culture","volume":"165","author":"Musher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1086\/511159","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America\/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults","volume":"44","author":"Mandell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.6.637","article-title":"Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"164","author":"Houck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: an official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"200","author":"Metlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.11.021","article-title":"Rapid syndromic molecular testing in pneumonia: the current landscape and future potential","volume":"80","author":"Poole","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115246","article-title":"Enhanced detection of community-acquired pneumonia pathogens with the BioFire Pneumonia FilmArray Panel","volume":"99","author":"Gilbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13232","article-title":"Performance of PCR-based syndromic testing compared to bacterial culture in patients with suspected pneumonia applying microscopy for quality assessment","volume":"130","author":"Andrews","year":"2022","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.004","article-title":"Evaluation of a multiplex PCR panel for the microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia in hospitalized patients: experience from an academic medical center","volume":"104","author":"Zacharioudakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03741-7","article-title":"Rapid syndromic PCR testing in patients with respiratory tract infections reduces time to results and improves microbial yield","volume":"12","author":"Serigstad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1755053","article-title":"Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel Plus for lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"52","author":"Edin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.024","article-title":"Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel for rapid detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in sputum and endotracheal aspirate specimens","volume":"95","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062055","article-title":"Clinical implications of negatively adjudicated heart failure events: data from the VICTORIA study","volume":"147","author":"Felker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac829","article-title":"Clinically adjudicated reference standards for evaluation of infectious diseases diagnostics","volume":"76","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa508","article-title":"Molecular testing for acute respiratory tract infections: clinical and diagnostic recommendations from the IDSA's Diagnostics Committee","volume":"71","author":"Hanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00459-x","article-title":"BioFire FilmArray pneumonia panel for severe lower respiratory tract infections: subgroup analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Kyriazopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2022.e01487","article-title":"Non\u2013Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 pneumonia: diagnosis of a nosocomial legionellosis with the BioFire Pneumonia Plus Panel","volume":"28","author":"Courboules","year":"2022","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05841-11","article-title":"Yield of sputum for viral detection by reverse transcriptase PCR in adults hospitalized with respiratory illness","volume":"50","author":"Falsey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23937","article-title":"Comparison of sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs for detection of respiratory viruses","volume":"86","author":"Jeong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2024011216395311200_jiad221-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1831342","article-title":"Reliability of induced sputum test is greater than that of throat swab test for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: a multi-center cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad221\/50852592\/jiad221.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/229\/1\/214\/55572127\/jiad221.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/229\/1\/214\/55572127\/jiad221.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T18:13:33Z","timestamp":1705083213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/229\/1\/214\/7209038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad221","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]}}}