{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:15Z","timestamp":1787008995819,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-17-C-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-17-C-0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UC7AI094660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UC7AI094660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary route of infection by Ebola virus (EBOV) is through contact of mucosal surfaces. Few studies have explored infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) via the oral mucosa, which is a probable portal of natural infection in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To further characterize the pathogenesis of EBOV infection via the oral exposure route, we challenged cohorts of cynomolgus monkeys with low doses of EBOV variant Makona.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infection with 100 or 50 PFU of EBOV Makona via the oral route resulted in 50% and 83% lethality, respectively. Animals that progressed to fatal disease exhibited lymphopenia, marked coagulopathy, high viral loads, and increased levels of serum markers of inflammation and hepatic\/renal injury. Survival in these cohorts was associated with milder fluctuations in leukocyte populations, lack of coagulopathy, and reduced or absent serum markers of inflammation and\/or hepatic\/renal function. Surprisingly, 2 surviving animals from the 100- and 50-PFU cohorts developed transient low-level viremia in the absence of other clinical signs of disease. Conversely, all animals in the 10 PFU cohort remained disease free and survived to the study end point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our observations highlight the susceptibility of NHPs, and by extension, likely humans, to relatively low doses of EBOV via the oral route.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T20:10:35Z","timestamp":1687464635000},"page":"S571-S581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Natural History of Nonhuman Primates After Oral Exposure to Ebola Virus Variant Makona"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek N","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason E","family":"Comer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3389-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"Woolsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla A","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0858-1877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W","family":"Geisbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, 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