{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:18:30Z","timestamp":1785525510234,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI120821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI120821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI134182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI134182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI166988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI166988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for AIDS Research at University of Pennsylvania","award":["P30AI045008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI045008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008374","name":"Center for AIDS Research at Emory University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Identification of proinflammatory factors responding to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important to reduce long-term sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined the association between plasma biomarkers, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and lung function among a prospective cohort of 105 adults newly diagnosed with TB\/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa. Participants were followed for 48 weeks from antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation with serial assessments of plasma biomarkers, FeNO, lung function, and respiratory symptoms. Linear regression and generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations at baseline and over the course of TB treatment, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At baseline, higher FeNO levels were associated with preserved lung function, whereas greater respiratory symptoms and higher interleukin (IL)-6 plasma levels were associated with worse lung function. After ART and TB treatment initiation, improvements in lung function were associated with increases in FeNO (rate ratio [RR] = 86 mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 34\u2013139) and decreases in IL-6 (RR = \u2212118 mL, 95% CI = \u2212193 to \u221243) and vascular endothelial growth factor ([VEGF] RR = \u2212178 mL, 95% CI = \u2212314 to \u221243).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Circulating IL-6, VEGF, and FeNO are associated with lung function in adults being treated for TB\/HIV. These biomarkers may help identify individuals at higher risk for post-TB lung disease and elucidate targetable pathways to modify the risk of chronic lung impairment among TB survivors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T07:10:36Z","timestamp":1688109036000},"page":"824-832","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Circulating Biomarkers, Fraction of Exhaled Nitric Oxide, and Lung Function in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Pholo","family":"Maenetje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Aurum Institute , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonsoo","family":"Baik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana B","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mboyo Di-Tamba Willy","family":"Vangu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Aurum Institute , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandla","family":"Mlotshwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Aurum Institute , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline T","family":"Tiemessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8970-7306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hardy","family":"Kornfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School , Worcester , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Churchyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Aurum Institute , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara C","family":"Auld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Emory University School of Medicine and Rollins School of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory P","family":"Bisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-259","article-title":"Pulmonary impairment after tuberculosis and its contribution to TB burden","volume":"10","author":"Pasipanodya","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30167-5","article-title":"Tackling long-term morbidity and mortality after successful tuberculosis treatment","volume":"20","author":"Marais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02603","article-title":"The immune mechanisms of lung parenchymal damage in tuberculosis and the role of host-directed therapy","volume":"9","author":"Stek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00962","article-title":"Neutrophils in tuberculosis-associated inflammation and lung pathology","volume":"11","author":"Muefong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0077-2017","article-title":"Tuberculosis and lung damage: from epidemiology to pathophysiology","volume":"27","author":"Ravimohan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz257","article-title":"Plasma proinflammatory cytokines are markers of disease severity and bacterial burden in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00905-2021","article-title":"Baseline IL-6 is a biomarker for unfavourable tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a multisite discovery and validation study","volume":"59","author":"Gupte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.641065","article-title":"Effect of inflammatory cytokines\/chemokines on pulmonary tuberculosis culture conversion and disease severity in HIV-infected and -uninfected individuals from South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Rambaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00390-2020","article-title":"Higher interleukin-6 levels and changes in transforming growth factor-beta are associated with lung impairment in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Gupte","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.5.388","article-title":"Lung function and mortality in the United States: data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow up study","volume":"58","author":"Mannino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109732","article-title":"FEV1 is a better predictor of mortality than FVC: the PLATINO cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Menezes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz733","article-title":"Declines in lung function after antiretroviral therapy initiation in adults with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis: a potential manifestation of respiratory immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Auld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2009.01616.x","article-title":"Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthma: an update","volume":"15","author":"Sandrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST","article-title":"An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications","volume":"184","author":"Dweik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit248","article-title":"Impaired pulmonary nitric oxide bioavailability in pulmonary tuberculosis: association with disease severity and delayed mycobacterial clearance with treatment","volume":"208","author":"Ralph","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz560","article-title":"Lung injury on antiretroviral therapy in adults with human immunodeficiency virus\/tuberculosis","volume":"70","author":"Ravimohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","article-title":"Interpretative strategies for lung function tests","volume":"26","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01368-4","article-title":"Pulmonary restriction predicts long-term pulmonary impairment in people with HIV and tuberculosis","volume":"21","author":"Auld","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00025214","article-title":"The COPD assessment test: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70001-3","article-title":"Minimum clinically important difference for the COPD assessment test: a prospective analysis","volume":"2","author":"Kon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00102509","article-title":"Development and first validation of the COPD assessment test","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B22","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01597-2016","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as a biomarker for asthma: hype or is there something else?","volume":"48","author":"Poynter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.08.031","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between IL-6 and type 2 biomarkers in patients with severe asthma","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063541","article-title":"Paradoxical tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) in HIV patients with culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in India and the potential role of IL-6 in prediction","volume":"8","author":"Narendran","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ978","article-title":"Robust reconstitution of tuberculosis-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses and rising systemic interleukin 6 in paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Ravimohan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3322-3326.2000","article-title":"Interleukin-6 induces early gamma interferon production in the infected lung but is not required for generation of specific immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"68","author":"Saunders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1736-3","article-title":"Associations between systemic inflammation, mycobacterial loads in sputum and radiological improvement after treatment initiation in pulmonary TB patients from Brazil: a prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Mesquita","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.105166","article-title":"Cytokine storm in tuberculosis and IL-6 involvement","volume":"97","author":"Boni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.06.002","article-title":"Alteration of serum inflammatory cytokines in active pulmonary tuberculosis following anti-tuberculosis drug therapy","volume":"62","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01870-3","article-title":"Plasma cytokine levels characterize disease pathogenesis and treatment response in tuberculosis patients","volume":"51","author":"Vivekanandan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis266","article-title":"A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the gene encoding interleukin 6 is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis","volume":"205","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112291","article-title":"Dynamics of plasmatic levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV-infected individuals with M. tuberculosis co-infection","volume":"9","author":"Nosik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.9911010","article-title":"Increased serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"162","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.072","article-title":"VEGF-a from granuloma macrophages regulates granulomatous inflammation by a non-angiogenic pathway during mycobacterial infection","volume":"27","author":"Harding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0603-669","article-title":"The biology of VEGF and its receptors","volume":"9","author":"Ferrara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.023986","article-title":"Enhanced bronchial expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and receptors (Flk-1 and Flt-1) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"60","author":"Kranenburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41202","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41202","article-title":"The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in small-airway remodelling in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101720","article-title":"Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): few certainties and many outstanding questions","volume":"11","author":"Poto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33162","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33162","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits the formation of new blood vessels for its dissemination","volume":"6","author":"Polena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268543","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor levels in tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Saghazadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.1019","article-title":"Measurement of levels of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"20","author":"Yhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0425","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide is not a biomarker for pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"98","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024031408470647200_jiad232-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01692-2019","article-title":"The effect of HIV-associated tuberculosis, tuberculosis-IRIS and prednisone on lung function","volume":"55","author":"Stek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad232\/51024164\/jiad232.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/229\/3\/824\/56967426\/jiad232.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/229\/3\/824\/56967426\/jiad232.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T08:56:32Z","timestamp":1710406592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/229\/3\/824\/7210757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad232","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}