{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:36:47Z","timestamp":1790725007388,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Introduction of 1 Treponema pallidum complex pathogen in naive European populations following the return of Christopher Columbus\u2019 troops from Central America in 1493 is a central dogma in venereology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among skeletal elements from the seventh or eighth century uncovered in Roquevaire, France, individual RS-1003 femur macroscopically suspected of having an infectious disease was investigated by means of paleoautoimmunohistochemistry, direct metagenomics, and paleoserology, along with 1 control femur from an apparently healthy individual (R-1003) and experimental negative controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RS-1003 femur showed infectious bone; paleoautoimmunohistochemistry of the lesions led to microscopic detection of a T. pallidum complex pathogen. Phylogenetic analyses comprising 71 T. pallidum complex\u2013specific reads covering 2.37% of the T. pallidum subsp. pallidum reference genome sequence revealed an ancestral T. pallidum complex pathogen in the lesion. Paleoserology detecting T. pallidum\u2013specific antigens confirmed positive serological findings in individual RS-1003. Individual R-1003 and the negative controls remained negative.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This case, predating by 8 centuries previous detections of T. pallidum complex treponematosis in Europe, indicated that European populations were not naive to these pathogens before the 1493 introduction of a Central American T. pallidum complex pathogen overwhelming the T. pallidum ones previously circulating in the Old World. These data break a century-old dogma in medical microbiology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T15:13:19Z","timestamp":1688137999000},"page":"503-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Old World Medieval <i>Treponema pallidum<\/i> Complex Treponematosis: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Hamadou","family":"Oumarou Hama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, Institut M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection , Marseille , France"},{"name":"Institut M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection , Marseille , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A","family":"Boualam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, Institut M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection , Marseille , France"},{"name":"Institut 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