{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:48:01Z","timestamp":1790952481611,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP 1126331 and OPP 1179069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP 1126331 and OPP 1179069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial pathogens cause substantial diarrhea morbidity and mortality among children living in endemic settings, yet antimicrobial treatment is only recommended for dysentery or suspected cholera.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AntiBiotics for Children with severe Diarrhea was a 7-country, placebo-controlled, double-blind efficacy trial of azithromycin in children 2\u201323 months of age with watery diarrhea accompanied by dehydration or malnutrition. We tested fecal samples for enteric pathogens utilizing quantitative polymerase chain reaction to identify likely and possible bacterial etiologies and employed pathogen-specific cutoffs based on genomic target quantity in previous case-control diarrhea etiology studies to identify likely and possible bacterial etiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 6692 children, the leading likely etiologies were rotavirus (21.1%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli encoding heat-stable toxin (13.3%), Shigella (12.6%), and Cryptosporidium (9.6%). More than one-quarter (1894 [28.3%]) had a likely and 1153 (17.3%) a possible bacterial etiology. Day 3 diarrhea was less common in those randomized to azithromycin versus placebo among children with a likely bacterial etiology (risk difference [RD]likely, \u221211.6 [95% confidence interval {CI}, \u221215.6 to \u22127.6]) and possible bacterial etiology (RDpossible, \u22128.7 [95% CI, \u221213.0 to \u22124.4]) but not in other children (RDunlikely, \u22120.3% [95% CI, \u22122.9% to 2.3%]). A similar association was observed for 90-day hospitalization or death (RDlikely, \u22123.1 [95% CI, \u22125.3 to \u22121.0]; RDpossible, \u22122.3 [95% CI, \u22124.5 to \u2212.01]; RDunlikely, \u22120.6 [95% CI, \u22121.9 to .6]). The magnitude of risk differences was similar among specific likely bacterial etiologies, including Shigella.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute watery diarrhea confirmed or presumed to be of bacterial etiology may benefit from azithromycin treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT03130114.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T17:13:47Z","timestamp":1688404427000},"page":"988-998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Azithromycin for Bacterial Watery Diarrhea: A Reanalysis of the AntiBiotics for Children With Severe Diarrhea (ABCD) Trial Incorporating Molecular Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia B","family":"Pavlinac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Platts-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University , Qingdao , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah E","family":"Atlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global 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