{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:16:42Z","timestamp":1788952602989,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013543","name":"European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2GEP3_178155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2GEP3_178155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1197117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1197117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>BCG vaccination has beneficial off-target (\u201cnonspecific\u201d) effects on nonmycobacterial infections. On this premise, trials set out to investigate whether BCG provides off-target protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A literature search identified 11 randomized \u201cBCG COVID-19\u201d trials, with conflicting results. These trials and the differences in their study design are discussed using the PICOT (participants, intervention, control, outcome, and timing) framework to highlight the factors that likely explain their inconsistent findings. These include participant age, sex and comorbid conditions, BCG vaccination strain and dose, outcome measure and duration of follow-up. Understanding how to control these factors to best exploit BCG's off-target effects will be important in designing future trials and intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T02:54:10Z","timestamp":1691636050000},"page":"1467-1478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Interpreting the Results of Trials of BCG Vaccination for Protection Against COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2503-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christie C A","family":"Noble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8404-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole L","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2395-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure F","family":"Pittet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3446-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111212170257700_jiad316-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31025-4","article-title":"Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of 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