{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T07:09:40Z","timestamp":1793257780100,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005565","name":"Janssen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019734","name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV poses significant challenges for vaccine development due to its high genetic mutation and recombination rates. Understanding the distribution of HIV subtypes (clades) across regions and populations is crucial. In this study, a systematic review of the past decade was conducted to characterize HIV-1\/HIV-2 subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and CABI Global Health, yielding 454 studies from 91 countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Globally, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs)\/unique recombinant forms (URFs) accounted for 29% of HIV-1 strains, followed by subtype C (23%) and subtype A (17%). Among studies reporting subtype breakdowns in key populations, 62% of HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and 38% among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) were CRF\/URFs. Latin America and the Caribbean exhibited a 25% increase in other CRFs (excluding CRF01_AE or CRF02_AG) prevalence between 2010\u20132015 and 2016\u20132021.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review underscores the global distribution of HIV subtypes, with an increasing prevalence of CRFs and a lower prevalence of subtype C. Data on HIV-2 were limited. Understanding subtype diversity is crucial for vaccine development, which need to elicit immune responses capable of targeting various subtypes. Further research is needed to enhance our knowledge and address the challenges posed by HIV subtype diversity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T12:32:49Z","timestamp":1692189169000},"page":"1583-1591","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Geographic and Population Distributions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)\u20131 and HIV-2 Circulating Subtypes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis (2010\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8244-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4422-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8180-3782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorne","family":"Biccler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1280-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Bbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit , Entebbe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9675-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deogratius","family":"Ssemwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit , Entebbe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinard","family":"Adungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute , Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Moecklinghoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen-Cilag GmbH , Neuss , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0852-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm","family":"Macartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen-Cilag Limited , High Wycombe , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4734-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Oriol-Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, B.V. , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023112802481245800_jiad327-B1","author":"UNAIDS Data 2021. 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