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Ninety-eight reinfections were identified, with 71 (72.5%) confirmed by genomic analyses and lineage definition in both infections. During the pre-Omicron period, 1 dose of any COVID-19 vaccine was associated with a reduced risk of reinfection, but during the Omicron period not even booster vaccines had this effect. Most reinfections were asymptomatic or milder in comparison with primary infections, a justification for continuing active surveillance to detect infections in vaccinated individuals. Our findings demonstrated that vaccination may not prevent infection or reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). Therefore we highlight the need to continuously update the antigenic target of SARS CoV-2 vaccines and administer booster doses to the population regularly, a strategy well established in the development of vaccines for influenza immunization programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T13:35:25Z","timestamp":1691674525000},"page":"1680-1689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Cases in a Household-Based Prospective Cohort in Rio de Janeiro"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0943-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie L S","family":"Penetra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heloisa F 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