{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:23:19Z","timestamp":1792185799167,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34 MH105272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34 MH105272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neisseria gonorrheae and Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with mucosal inflammation and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) transmission. We assessed levels of inflammatory cytokines in men who have sex with men (MSM) with and without rectal gonorrhea and\/or chlamydia in Lima, Peru.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We screened 605 MSM reporting condomless receptive anal intercourse for rectal N. gonorrheae\/C. trachomatis using nucleic acid testing. We identified 101 cases of gonorrhea and\/or chlamydia and randomly selected 50 N. gonorrheae\/C. trachomatis positive cases and matched 52 negative controls. We measured levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1 in rectal secretions. Tests for HIV-1, rectal N. gonorrheae\/C. trachomatis, and mucosal cytokines were repeated after 3 and 6 months. Cytokine levels in cases and uninfected controls were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MSM with gonorrhea\/chlamydia had elevated levels of all cytokines in rectal mucosa compared with matched controls (all P values &amp;lt;.001). Following antibiotic treatment there were no significant differences in cytokine levels at 3- or 6-month follow-up evaluations (all P values &amp;gt;.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rectal gonorrhea\/chlamydia infection is associated with transient mucosal inflammation and cytokine recruitment. Our data provide proof of concept for rectal sexually transmitted infection screening as an HIV prevention strategy for MSM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03010020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T10:18:06Z","timestamp":1692181086000},"page":"845-854","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Rectal Mucosa Associated With <i>Neisseria gonorrheae<\/i> and\/or <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i> Infection and Treatment Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Lima, Peru"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse L","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine 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