{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:24:13Z","timestamp":1779917053965,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI160247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI160247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01Al114635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01Al114635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007911","name":"University of California San Diego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a dysbiotic condition of the vaginal microbiome associated with higher risk of infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae\u2014the cause of gonorrhea. Here we test if one known facet of BV\u2014the presence of bacterial cytolysins\u2014leads to mobilization of intracellular contents that enhance gonococcal virulence. We cloned and expressed recombinant vaginolysin (VLY), a cytolysin produced by the BV-associated bacterium Gardnerella, verifying that it liberates contents of cervical epithelial (HeLa) cells, while vector control preparations did not. We tested if VLY mediates a well-known gonococcal virulence mechanism\u2014the molecular mimicry of host glycans. To evade host immunity, N. gonorrhoeae caps its lipooligosaccharide (LOS) with \u03b12-3-linked sialic acid. For this, gonococci must scavenge a metabolite made inside host cells. Flow cytometry-based lectin-binding assays showed that gonococci exposed to vaginolysin-liberated contents of HeLa cells displayed greater sialic acid capping of their LOS. This higher level of bacterial sialylation was accompanied by increased binding of the complement regulatory protein factor H, and greater resistance to complement attack. Together these results suggest that cytolytic activities present during BV may enhance the ability of N. gonorrhoeae to capture intracellular metabolites and evade host immunity via glycan molecular mimicry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:25Z","timestamp":1695081625000},"page":"1610-1620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>Gardnerella<\/i> Vaginolysin Potentiates Glycan Molecular Mimicry by <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Sydney R","family":"Morrill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, Missouri , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"},{"name":"Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudeshna","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"},{"name":"Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajit P","family":"Varki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"},{"name":"Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren G","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"},{"name":"Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6195-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"},{"name":"Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023112802483508900_jiad391-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2023112802483508900_jiad391-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631972","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.631972","article-title":"The female vaginal microbiome in health and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2023112802483508900_jiad391-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318074e565","article-title":"The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001\u20132004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health","volume":"34","author":"Koumans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2023112802483508900_jiad391-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037818","article-title":"Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria","volume":"7","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023112802483508900_jiad391-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9","article-title":"Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations","volume":"74","author":"Amsel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023112802483508900_jiad391-B6","first-page":"4","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections","volume":"3","author":"Bautista","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"2023112802483508900_jiad391-B7","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2023112802483508900_jiad391-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix769","article-title":"Risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in relation to chlamydia and gonorrhea testing, repeat testing, and positivity: a population-based cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Reekie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect 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