{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:32:11Z","timestamp":1793709131868,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ashfield MedComms"},{"name":"Inizio company"},{"name":"Novavax, Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a global health concern, and booster doses are necessary for maintaining vaccine-mediated protection, limiting the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Despite multiple COVID-19 vaccine options, global booster uptake remains low. Reactogenicity, the occurrence of adverse local\/systemic side effects, plays a crucial role in vaccine uptake and acceptance, particularly for booster doses. We conducted a targeted review of the reactogenicity of authorized\/approved messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein-based vaccines demonstrated by clinical trials and real-world evidence. It was found that mRNA-based boosters show a higher incidence and an increased severity of reactogenicity compared with the Novavax protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373). In a recent study from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the incidence of pain\/tenderness, swelling, erythema, fatigue\/malaise, headache, muscle pain, or fever was higher in individuals boosted with BNT162b2 (0.4% to 41.6% absolute increase) or mRNA-1273 (5.5% to 55.0% absolute increase) compared with NVX-CoV2373. Evidence suggests that NVX-CoV2373, when utilized as a heterologous booster, demonstrates less reactogenicity compared with mRNA vaccines, which, if communicated to hesitant individuals, may strengthen booster uptake rates worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration NCT04889209.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T20:31:48Z","timestamp":1700685108000},"page":"e496-e502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Novavax Heterologous Coronavirus Disease 2019 Booster Demonstrates Lower Reactogenicity Than Messenger RNA: A Targeted Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony M","family":"Marchese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Affairs, Novavax, Inc , Gaithersburg, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Rousculp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Affairs, Novavax, Inc , Gaithersburg, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Macbeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Affairs, Novavax, Inc , Gaithersburg, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Beyhaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Affairs, Novavax, Inc , Gaithersburg, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce T","family":"Seet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Affairs, Novavax, Inc , Gaithersburg, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Toback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Affairs, Novavax, Inc , Gaithersburg, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024081523513219600_jiad519-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0272691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272691","article-title":"Hesitancy and reactogenicity to mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines\u2014early experience with vaccine rollout in a multi-site healthcare system","volume":"17","author":"Al-Obaydi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024081523513219600_jiad519-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.04.046","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 vaccine\u2013associated side effects on health care worker absenteeism and future booster vaccination","volume":"40","author":"Chrissian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2024081523513219600_jiad519-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929407","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.929407","article-title":"Changes of factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in Chinese residents: a qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2024081523513219600_jiad519-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210804","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2021.0804","article-title":"Fear of adverse effects and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: recommendations of the treatment expectation expert group","volume":"2","author":"Rief","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"2024081523513219600_jiad519-B5","author":"Wallace","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024081523513219600_jiad519-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002376","article-title":"Work absence following COVID-19 vaccination in a cohort of healthcare personnel","volume":"64","author":"Breeher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2024081523513219600_jiad519-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28839","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028839","article-title":"Are COVID-19 mRNA vaccine side effects severe enough to cause missed work? 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