{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:12:22Z","timestamp":1771470742049,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"United States Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a reemerging virus of global concern. An outbreak of clade I MPXV affected 20 captive chimpanzees in Cameroon in 2016. We describe the epidemiology, virology, phylogenetics, and clinical progression of this outbreak. Clinical signs included exanthema, facial swelling, perilaryngeal swelling, and eschar. Mpox can be lethal in captive chimpanzees, with death likely resulting from respiratory complications. We advise avoiding anesthesia in animals with respiratory signs to reduce the likelihood of death. This outbreak presented a risk to animal care staff. There is a need for increased awareness and a One Health approach to preparation for outbreaks in wildlife rescue centers in primate range states where MPXV occurs. Control measures should include quarantining affected animals, limiting human contacts, surveillance of humans and animals, use of personal protective equipment, and regular decontamination of enclosures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T12:45:48Z","timestamp":1704199548000},"page":"S275-S284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical Manifestations of an Outbreak of Monkeypox Virus in Captive Chimpanzees in Cameroon, 2016"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie C","family":"Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh , Roslin ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Ape Action Africa, Mefou Park, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"LeBreton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mosaic , Yaound\u00e9 ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B","family":"Doty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3807-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R","family":"Mauldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8646-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clint N","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily G","family":"Pieracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana M","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Matheny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibila G","family":"Tafon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ape Action Africa, Mefou Park, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ubald","family":"Tamoufe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabiota , Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain D","family":"Missoup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Nwobegahay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Army Health Research , Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Michel","family":"Takuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabiota , Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Nkom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabiota , Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moctar M M","family":"Mouiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mosaic , Yaound\u00e9 ,","place":["Cameroon"]},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaounder\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Marc K","family":"Feussom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cameroon Epidemiological Network for Animal Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries , Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Laboratory , Garoua ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9136-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea M","family":"McCollum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7203a4","article-title":"Epidemiology of human mpox\u2014worldwide, 2018\u20132021","volume":"72","author":"McCollum","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2208860","article-title":"Monkeypox","volume":"387","author":"Gessain","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B3","article-title":"Mpox (monkeypox)\u2014Democratic Republic of the Congo","author":"World Health Organization","year":"23  2023","journal-title":"Disease Outbreak News."},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16262","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","article-title":"Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"107","author":"Rimoin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6710a5","article-title":"Emergence of monkeypox\u2014West and Central Africa, 1970\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Durski","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1567330","article-title":"Monkeypox re-emergence in Africa: a call to expand the concept and practice of One Health","volume":"17","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Magnus","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B8","article-title":"Human monkeypox","author":"Jezek","year":"1988"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030727","article-title":"Identifying the most probable mammal reservoir hosts for monkeypox virus based on ecological niche comparisons","volume":"15","author":"Curaudeau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.014","article-title":"Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research","volume":"29","author":"Damon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B11","first-page":"115","article-title":"The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission","volume":"39","author":"Khodakevich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trop Geograph Med"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.1.17","article-title":"Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease","volume":"2","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92315-8","article-title":"Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018","volume":"11","author":"Berthet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000176","article-title":"Ecological niche and geographic distribution of human monkeypox in Africa","volume":"2","author":"Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.01.006","article-title":"Monkeypox virus phylogenetic similarities between a human case detected in Cameroon in 2018 and the 2017\u20132018 outbreak in Nigeria","volume":"69","author":"Sadeuh-Mba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0706-0","article-title":"Monkeypox virus emergence in wild chimpanzees reveals distinct clinical outcomes and viral diversity","volume":"5","author":"Patrono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B17","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B18","author":"World Organisation for Animal Health"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B19","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B20","author":"World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B21","first-page":"165","article-title":"Human monkeypox, 1970\u201379","volume":"58","author":"Breman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B22","first-page":"123","article-title":"Variola or a severe case of varicella? A case of human variola due to monkeypox virus in a child from the Cameroon","volume":"71","author":"Tchokoteu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1003.030878","article-title":"Monkeypox transmission and pathogenesis in prairie dogs","volume":"10","author":"Guarner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100283","article-title":"Assessing monkeypox virus prevalence in small mammals at the human-animal interface in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"9","author":"Doty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00966-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00966-19","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Akhmeta virus from wild-caught rodents (Apodemus spp) in Georgia","volume":"93","author":"Doty","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.03.012","article-title":"Detection of monkeypox virus with real-time PCR assays","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.07.012","article-title":"Real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of monkeypox virus West African and Congo Basin strain DNA","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbn013","article-title":"Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program","volume":"9","author":"Katoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl446","article-title":"RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood\u2013based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models","volume":"22","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.150579","article-title":"Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"22","author":"Nolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.130","article-title":"A review of experimental and natural infections of animals with monkeypox virus between 1958 and 2012","volume":"8","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.131329","article-title":"Fatal monkeypox in wild-living sooty mangabey, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, 2012","volume":"20","author":"Radoni\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01794.x","article-title":"An epizootic of monkey pox at Rotterdam Zoo","volume":"6","author":"Peters","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int Zoo Yearb"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.017311","article-title":"Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997","volume":"7","author":"Hutin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B35","first-page":"465","article-title":"Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates","volume":"66","author":"Jezek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.551","article-title":"Human monkeypox: a study of 2,510 contacts of 214 patients","volume":"154","author":"Jezek","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120380","article-title":"Improving the care and treatment of monkeypox patients in low-resource settings: applying evidence from contemporary biomedical and smallpox biodefense research","volume":"9","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00034-4","article-title":"Mpox respiratory transmission: the state of the evidence","volume":"4","author":"Beeson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1086\/505880","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection","volume":"194","author":"Reynolds","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.03.012","article-title":"Dosage comparison of Congo Basin and West African strains of monkeypox virus using a prairie dog animal model of systemic orthopoxvirus disease","volume":"402","author":"Hutson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B41","first-page":"1675","article-title":"Monkeypox: experimental infection in chimpanzee (Pan satyrus) and immunization with vaccinia virus","volume":"29","author":"McConnell","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed1010008","article-title":"Human monkeypox: current state of knowledge and implications for the future","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B43","first-page":"569","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"46","author":"Foster","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci1010040","article-title":"Non-Human primate models of orthopoxvirus infections","volume":"1","author":"Schmitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","article-title":"Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients","volume":"156","author":"Je\u017eek","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.130118","article-title":"Genomic variability of monkeypox virus among humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"20","author":"Kugelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3390\/v7042168","article-title":"A phylogeographic investigation of African monkeypox","volume":"7","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","article-title":"Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017\u201318: a clinical and epidemiological report","volume":"19","author":"Yinka-Ogunleye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010201015596500_jiad601-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.221047","article-title":"Environmental persistence of monkeypox virus on surfaces in household of person with travel-associated infection, Dallas, Texas, USA, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis J"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad601\/55119079\/jiad601.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/229\/Supplement_2\/S275\/57094464\/jiad601.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/229\/Supplement_2\/S275\/57094464\/jiad601.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T01:02:14Z","timestamp":1735779734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/229\/Supplement_2\/S275\/7504896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad601","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]}}}