{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T17:01:40Z","timestamp":1786554100736,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN261200800001E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261200800001E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"NIH Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A subset of antiretroviral therapy-treated persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), referred to as immunological nonresponders (INRs), fails to normalize CD4+ T-cell numbers. In a case-control study involving 26 INRs (CD4 &amp;lt; 250 cells\/\u00b5L) and 25 immunological responders (IRs; CD4 \u2265 250 cells\/\u00b5L), we evaluated the potential contribution of transcriptionally competent defective HIV-1 proviruses to poor CD4+ T-cell recovery. Compared to the responders, the INRs had higher levels of cell-associated HIV RNA (P = .034) and higher percentages of HLA-DR+ CD4+ T cells (P &amp;lt; .001). While not encoding replication-competent viruses, the RNA transcripts frequently encoded HIV-1 Gag-p17 and Nef proteins. These transcripts and\/or resulting proteins may activate pathway(s) leading to the immunological nonresponse phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T10:19:51Z","timestamp":1705400391000},"page":"1786-1790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Transcriptionally Active Defective HIV-1 Proviruses and Their Association With Immunological Nonresponse to Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Scrimieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estella","family":"Bastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, 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