{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:59:55Z","timestamp":1791698395233,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI061628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI061628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition marked by high vaginal bacterial diversity. Gardnerella vaginalis has been implicated in BV but is also detected in healthy women. The Gardnerella genus has been expanded to encompass 6 validly named species and several genomospecies. We hypothesized that particular Gardnerella species may be more associated with BV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed targeting the cpn60 gene of species groups including G. vaginalis, G. piotii\/pickettii, G. swidsinskii\/greenwoodii, and G. leopoldii. These assays were applied to vaginal swabs from individuals with (n = 101) and without BV (n = 150) attending a sexual health clinic in Seattle, Washington. Weekly swabs were collected from 42 participants for up to 12 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concentrations and prevalence of each Gardnerella species group were significantly higher in participants with BV; 91.1% of BV-positive participants had 3 or more Gardnerella species groups detected compared to 32.0% of BV-negative participants (P &amp;lt; .0001). BV-negative participants with 3 or more species groups detected were more likely to develop BV within 100 days versus those with fewer (60.5% vs 3.7%, P &amp;lt; .0001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that BV reflects a state of high Gardnerella species diversity. No Gardnerella species group was a specific marker for BV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T15:38:08Z","timestamp":1705937888000},"page":"e171-e181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["<i>Gardnerella<\/i>\n                    Species and Their Association With Bacterial Vaginosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5815-8794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew M","family":"Munch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M","family":"Strenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujatha","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina L","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Proll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N","family":"Fredricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024072520132579300_jiae026-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000972","article-title":"High global burden and costs of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Peebles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2024072520132579300_jiae026-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043802","article-title":"Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"353","author":"Fredricks","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024072520132579300_jiae026-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037818","article-title":"Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria","volume":"7","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024072520132579300_jiae026-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512283332604","article-title":"Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. 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