{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:56:58Z","timestamp":1787241418765,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 remains a problem globally. Malawi introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in 2011, but there has been no direct protection against serotype 3 carriage. We explored whether vaccine escape by serotype 3 is due to clonal expansion of a lineage with a competitive advantage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The distribution of serotype 3 Global Pneumococcal Sequence Clusters (GPSCs) and sequence types (STs) globally was assessed using sequences from the Global Pneumococcal Sequencing Project. Whole-genome sequences of 135 serotype 3 carriage isolates from Blantyre, Malawi (2015\u20132019) were analyzed. Comparative analysis of the capsule locus, entire genomes, antimicrobial resistance, and phylogenetic reconstructions were undertaken. Opsonophagocytosis was evaluated using serum samples from vaccinated adults and children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serotype 3 GPSC10-ST700 isolates were most prominent in Malawi. Compared with the prototypical serotype 3 capsular polysaccharide locus sequence, 6 genes are absent, with retention of capsule polysaccharide biosynthesis. This lineage is characterized by increased antimicrobial resistance and lower susceptibility to opsonophagocytic killing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A serotype 3 variant in Malawi has genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that could enhance vaccine escape and clonal expansion after post-PCV13 introduction. Genomic surveillance among high-burden populations is essential to improve the effectiveness of next-generation pneumococcal vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T17:25:09Z","timestamp":1709918709000},"page":"e189-e198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Clonal Expansion of a\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    Serotype 3 Capsule Variant Sequence Type 700 With Enhanced Vaccine Escape Potential After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Akuzike","family":"Kalizang'oma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Pneumonia and Meningitis Pathogens Associate 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Tel-Aviv , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Goldblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrispin","family":"Chaguza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute , Hinxton , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"},{"name":"Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9376-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert S","family":"Heyderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and 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