{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:14:34Z","timestamp":1783026874552,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been called the deadliest disease event in history. In this study, we compared the cause-specific mortality rate of the Spanish flu (1918\u20131920) with that of COVID-19 (2020\u20132022) in the Netherlands. During the periods of exposure, about 50 000 people died of COVID-19 and 32 000 people of the Spanish flu. In absolute numbers, COVID-19 seems to be deadlier than Spanish flu. However, the crude mortality rates for COVID-19 and Spanish flu were 287 and 486 per 100 000 inhabitants, respectively. Comparing age-standardized mortality rates, there would have been 28 COVID-19\u2013 and 194 Spanish flu\u2013related deaths in 1918\u20131920, or 214 Spanish flu\u2013 and 98 COVID-19\u2013related deaths in 2020\u20132022 per 100 000 inhabitants per year. Thus, taking the population differences into account, the Spanish flu would have been deadlier than COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T22:30:26Z","timestamp":1707431426000},"page":"38-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mortality Rates of the Spanish Flu and Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Netherlands: A Historical Comparison"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6271-3813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Harteloh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Care, Statistics Netherlands (CBS) , The Hague , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"van Mechelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired cardiologist, Rotterdam , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024072520132465200_jiae071-B1","author":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)"},{"key":"2024072520132465200_jiae071-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab083","article-title":"Is COVID-19 the deadliest event of the last century?","volume":"42","author":"Di Pietro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024072520132465200_jiae071-B3","first-page":"684","article-title":"The general practitioner and Spanish flu 1918\u20131920 [in Dutch]","volume":"48","author":"de Melker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Huisarts & Wetenschap"},{"key":"2024072520132465200_jiae071-B4","first-page":"D2963","article-title":"The Spanish flu in the Netherlands [in Dutch]","volume":"162","author":"Cornelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr 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