{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:33:00Z","timestamp":1789623180611,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histologic and serologic studies suggest the induction of local and systemic Treponema pallidum-specific CD4+ T-cell responses to T. pallidum infection. We hypothesized that T. pallidum-specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in blood and in the skin rash of secondary syphilis and persist in both compartments after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 67 participants were screened by interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) ELISPOT response to T. pallidum sonicate. T. pallidum-reactive T-cell lines from blood and skin were probed for responses to 89 recombinant T. pallidum antigens. Peptide epitopes and HLA class II restriction were defined for selected antigens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We detected CD4+ T-cell responses to T. pallidum sonicate ex vivo. Using T. pallidum-reactive T-cell lines we observed recognition of 14 discrete proteins, 13 of which localize to bacterial membranes or the periplasmic space. After therapy, T. pallidum-specific T cells persisted for at least 6 months in skin and 10 years in blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T. pallidum infection elicits an antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell response in blood and skin. T. pallidum-specific CD4+ T cells persist as memory in both compartments long after curative therapy. The T. pallidum antigenic targets we identified may be high-priority vaccine candidates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T22:55:02Z","timestamp":1715381702000},"page":"281-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Treponema pallidum<\/i>\n                    Periplasmic and Membrane Proteins Are Recognized by Circulating and Skin CD4+ T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara B","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charmie","family":"Godornes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria L","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9245-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry J","family":"Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren C","family":"Tantalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alloysius","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry 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