{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:56:17Z","timestamp":1787874977381,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers","award":["75N93019C00051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93019C00051"]}]},{"name":"St Jude Center of Influenza Research and Surveillance","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}]},{"name":"St Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response","award":["75N93021C00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00016"]}]},{"name":"St Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response","award":["R01 AI120997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI120997"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007270","name":"University of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Influenza virus remains a threat to human health, but gaps remain in our knowledge of the humoral correlates of protection against influenza virus A\/H3N2, limiting our ability to generate effective, broadly protective vaccines. The role of antibodies against the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk, a highly conserved but immunologically subdominant region, has not been established for influenza virus A\/H3N2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Household transmission studies were conducted in Managua, Nicaragua, across 3 influenza seasons. Household contacts were tested for influenza virus infection using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. We compared preexisting antibody levels against full-length HA, HA stalk, and neuraminidase (NA) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, along with hemagglutination inhibition assay titers, between infected and uninfected participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 899 individuals participated in household activation, with 329 infections occurring. A 4-fold increase in initial HA stalk titers was independently associated with an 18% decrease in the risk of infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.82 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .68\u2013.98]; P = .04). In adults, anti-HA stalk antibodies were independently associated with protection (aOR, 0.72 [95% CI, .54\u2013.95]; P = .02). However, in 0- to 14-year-olds, anti-NA antibodies (aOR, 0.67 [95% CI, .53\u2013.85]; P &amp;lt; .01) were associated with protection against infection, but anti-HA stalk antibodies were not.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The HA stalk is an independent correlate of protection against A\/H3N2 infection, though this association is age dependent. Our results support the continued exploration of the HA stalk as a target for broadly protective influenza vaccines but suggest that the relative benefits may depend on age and influenza virus exposure history.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T12:32:54Z","timestamp":1715257974000},"page":"1319-1328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Humoral Correlates of Protection Against Influenza A\/H3N2 Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9512-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Hoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Stadlbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Balmaseda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Virolog\u00eda, Centro Nacional de Diagno\u0301stico y Referencia, Managua, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermina","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua"},{"name":"Centro de Salud So\u0301crates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health , Managua ,","place":["Nicaragua"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Virolog\u00eda, Centro Nacional de Diagno\u0301stico y Referencia, Managua, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Carreno Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nery","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temima","family":"Yellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Plazaola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Frutos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Krammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York"},{"name":"Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9352-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aubree","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121523523686100_jiae258-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2024121523523686100_jiae258-B2","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2024121523523686100_jiae258-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-7-199510010-00008","article-title":"The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons. 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