{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:20:24Z","timestamp":1788315624788,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GC10058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GC10058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009231","name":"Geisel School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008299","name":"Dartmouth College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Munck-Pfefferkorn Grant Award"},{"name":"Dartmouth bioMT"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20-GM113132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20-GM113132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AMED 24fk0108627j0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AMED 24fk0108627j0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although polioviruses (PVs) replicate in lymphoid tissue of both the pharynx and ileum, research on polio vaccine\u2013induced mucosal immunity has predominantly focused on intestinal neutralizing and binding antibody levels measured in stool.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the extent to which routine immunization with intramuscularly injected inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) may induce nasal and pharyngeal mucosal immunity, we measured PV type-specific neutralization and immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and IgM levels in nasal secretions, adenoid cell supernatants, and sera collected from 12 children, aged 2\u20135 years, undergoing planned adenoidectomies. All participants were routinely immunized with IPV and had no known contact with live PVs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PV-specific mucosal neutralization was detected in nasal and adenoid samples, mostly from children who had previously received 4 IPV doses. Across the 3 PV serotypes, both nasal (Spearman \u03c1 \u2265 0.87, P \u2264 .0003 for all) and adenoid (Spearman \u03c1 \u2265 0.57, P \u2264 .05 for all) neutralization titers correlated with serum neutralization titers. In this small study sample, there was insufficient evidence to determine which Ig isotype(s) was correlated with neutralization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings provide policy-relevant evidence that routine immunization with IPV may induce nasal and pharyngeal mucosal immunity. The observed correlations of nasal and pharyngeal mucosal neutralization with serum neutralization contrast with previous observations of distinct intestinal and serum responses to PV vaccines. Further research is warranted to determine which antibody isotype(s) correlate with polio vaccine\u2013induced nasal and pharyngeal mucosal neutralizing activity and to understand the differences from intestinal mucosal immunity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T14:42:56Z","timestamp":1716993776000},"page":"e1023-e1030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nasal and Pharyngeal Mucosal Immunity to Poliovirus in Children Following Routine Immunization With Inactivated Polio Vaccine in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7444-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Godin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Equity Action Lab, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth I","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Health , Lebanon, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna N","family":"Degefu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela C","family":"Rosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy F","family":"Wieland-Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Health , Lebanon, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine S","family":"Axelrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kovacikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua A","family":"Weiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret E","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice Y","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Health , Lebanon, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Health , Lebanon, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minetaro","family":"Arita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananda S","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio, Global Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , Seattle, Washington,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber I","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Equity Action Lab, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F","family":"Modlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Health , Lebanon, New Hampshire,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth B","family":"Brickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Equity Action Lab, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & 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