{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T13:57:56Z","timestamp":1783000676510,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008897","name":"Janssen Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005294","name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Research Scholars Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Toronto Centre for Liver Disease"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001805","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020487","name":"Break Through Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020487","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pew-Stewart Scholars Program"},{"name":"Foundation MIT"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100028897","name":"Wellcome Leap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100028897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000936","name":"Moore Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies on chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have shown immune dysfunction involving multiple cell types, including T cells. B cells have been evaluated more recently, but in contrast to T cells, more pronounced activation of circulating B cells has been reported. To gain more insight into the activation status of B cells, we investigated gene profiles of B cells in the blood and liver of patients with chronic HBV.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RNA-sequencing and flow cytometric analysis was performed on peripheral blood B cells of patients with immune active chronic HBV, comparing them with samples from healthy controls. In addition, gene expression profiles of B cells in the liver were analyzed by bulk and single-cell RNA-seq.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our data show a distinctive B-cell activation gene signature in the blood of patients with immune active chronic HBV, characterized by a significant upregulation of immune-related genes. This peripheral activation profile was also observed in B cells from the liver by single-cell RNA-seq, with naive and memory B-cell subsets being the primary carriers of the signature.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings suggest that B-cell gene profiles reflect responsiveness to HBV infection; these findings are relevant for clinical studies evaluating immunomodulatory treatment strategies for HBV.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T10:37:25Z","timestamp":1717756645000},"page":"e1263-e1273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["B-Cell Activation Gene Signature in Blood and Liver of Hepatitis B e Antigen\u2013Positive Patients With Immune Active Chronic Hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5210-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zgjim","family":"Osmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris J B","family":"Beudeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zwier M A","family":"Groothuismink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"de Knegt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond T","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Aerssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Translational Science Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development , Beerse ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Bollekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Translational Science Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development , Beerse ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry L A","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg M","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex K","family":"Shalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmen J G","family":"van de Werken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8607-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Boonstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121523522733500_jiae280-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2009.11.009","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses: a global overview","volume":"14","author":"Te","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"2024121523522733500_jiae280-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.003","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection and the immune response: the big 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