{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:37:12Z","timestamp":1773884232225,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022938","name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022938","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The kinetics and durability of T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children are not well characterized. We studied a cohort of children aged 6 months to 20 years with COVID-19 in whom peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sera were archived at approximately 1, 6, and 12 months after symptom onset.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We compared antibody responses (n = 85) and T-cell responses (n = 30) to nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) glycoprotein over time across 4 age strata: 6 months to 5 years and 5\u20139, 10\u201314, and 15\u201320 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>N-specific antibody responses declined over time, becoming undetectable in 26 (81%) of 32 children by approximately 1 year postinfection. Functional breadth of anti-N CD4+ T-cell responses also declined over time and were positively correlated with N-antibody responses (Pearson r = .31, P = .008). CD4+ T-cell responses to S displayed greater functional breadth than N in unvaccinated children and, with neutralization titers, were stable over time and similar across age strata. Functional profiles of CD4+ T-cell responses against S were not significantly modulated by vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our data reveal durable age-independent T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in children over time following COVID-19 infection as well as S-antibody responses in comparison with declining antibody responses to N.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T19:43:44Z","timestamp":1717616624000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Kinetics and Durability of Antibody and T-Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5064-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan 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USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7443-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Greninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2268-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alpana","family":"Waghmare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Hospital , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington , Seattle, 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