{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:40:45Z","timestamp":1790746845597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Telethon, and Horizon Europe","award":["101057100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012007","name":"Rockefeller University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012007","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002350","name":"St Giles Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI163029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI163029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award","award":["UL1TR001866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001866"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001621","name":"Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005162","name":"Meyer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007457","name":"JPB Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"French government and implemented"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"French Foundation for Medical Research","award":["EQU201903007798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQU201903007798"]}]},{"name":"ANR GENVIR","award":["ANR-20-CE93-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE93-003"]}]},{"name":"ANR AI2D","award":["ANR-22-CE15-0046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-22-CE15-0046"]}]},{"name":"ANR AAILC","award":["ANR-21-LIBA-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-21-LIBA-0002"]}]},{"name":"ANR-RHU COVIFERON Program","award":["ANR-21-RHUS-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-21-RHUS-08"]}]},{"name":"Square Foundation"},{"name":"French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation","award":["MESRI-COVID-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MESRI-COVID-19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Main point<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Patients with severe West Nile virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections deserve accurate diagnosis of underlying diseases, determining possible anti-interferon autoantibody production, since they must receive antiviral and immunological therapies to enhance antiviral response.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The current study aimed to investigate determinants of severity in a previously healthy patient who experienced 2 life-threatening infections, from West Nile Virus (WNV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). During coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization he was diagnosed with a thymoma, retrospectively identified as already present at the time of WNV infection. Heterozygosity for p.Pro554Ser in the TLR3 gene, which increases susceptibility to severe COVID-19, and homozygosity for CCR5 c.554_585del, associated with severe WNV infection, were found. Neutralizing anti-interferon (IFN)-\u03b1 and anti-IFN-\u03c9 autoantibodies were detected, likely induced by the underlying thymoma and increasing susceptibility to both severe COVID-19 pneumonia and West Nile encephalitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T17:12:15Z","timestamp":1720458735000},"page":"e206-e212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Severe West Nile Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections in a Patient With Thymoma and Anti\u2013Type I Interferon Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4498-1712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Barzaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Pipitone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Bondesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Molli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Giannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sartirana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Lampasona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6715-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bazzigaluppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Brigatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Gervais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France"},{"name":"Paris Cit\u00e9 University, Imagine Institute , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bastard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France"},{"name":"Paris Cit\u00e9 University, Imagine Institute , Paris ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University , New York, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Tassan Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Piemonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Laurent","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France"},{"name":"Paris Cit\u00e9 University, Imagine Institute , Paris ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University , New York, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris , Paris ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0115-8980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Casari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5398-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Aiuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020417111206600_jiae321-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01289-3","article-title":"Human inborn errors of immunity: 2022 update on the classification 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