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In 2015 and 2016, HPV vaccines became publicly funded for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) under 27 years of age in most Canadian provinces.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Between 2017 and 2019, sexually active GBM in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver were recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Participants aged 16\u201330 years were invited to self-collect oral rinse specimens for HPV testing. We estimated HPV prevalence in the oral tract overall and compared these by vaccination status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among the 838 GBM with a valid oral specimen, 36.9% reported receiving \u22651 dose of HPV vaccine. Overall, oral HPV prevalence was 2.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5%\u20133.7%) for at least 1 HPV type and 1.2% (95% CI, .5%\u20131.9%) for any high-risk type. We detected quadrivalent (HPV 6\/11\/16\/18) vaccine-preventable types in 0.3% (95% CI, .0%\u20131.0%) of vaccinated individuals and 1.1% (95% CI, .1%\u20132.0%) of unvaccinated individuals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral HPV prevalence was low in a population of young urban GBM in Canada, of whom 37% were vaccinated. Findings serve as a benchmark for monitoring of vaccination impacts on oral HPV infection within this priority population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T13:09:42Z","timestamp":1721740182000},"page":"e1039-e1048","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Urban Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in Canada, 2017\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Jenna","family":"Alessandrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Direction de Sant\u00e9 Publique de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"de Pokomandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor A","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Grennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de Sant\u00e9 Publique de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catharine","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelley L","family":"Deeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Wellness, Nova Scotia , Halifax, Nova Scotia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramandip","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan J","family":"Lachowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4300-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Sauvageau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunization, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec , Quebec, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Quebec , Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darrell H S","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franc\u0327ois","family":"Coutl\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"D\u00e9partements de M\u00e9decine et de M\u00e9decine de Laboratoire, Service de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2822-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann N","family":"Burchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Engage-HPV Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"Jollimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosane","family":"Nisenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Ogilvie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"Jollimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Lachowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Burchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Grennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"de Pokomandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1600985","article-title":"HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer: a review on burden of the disease and opportunities for prevention and early detection","volume":"15","author":"Timbang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30716","article-title":"Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type","volume":"141","author":"de Martel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1030","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.161379","article-title":"Human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer in Canada: analysis of 5 comprehensive cancer centres using multiple imputation","volume":"189","author":"Habbous","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.50.3870","article-title":"Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers","volume":"31","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa306","article-title":"Vaccine effectiveness against prevalent anal and oral human papillomavirus infection among men who have sex with men\u2014United States, 2016\u20132018","volume":"222","author":"Meites","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30687-3","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus in young men who have sex with men after the implementation of gender-neutral HPV vaccination: a repeated cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Chow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.0141","article-title":"Effect of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on oral HPV infections among young adults in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071339","article-title":"The effect of prophylactic HPV vaccines on oral and oropharyngeal HPV infection\u2014a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2022.2129615","article-title":"Real-world impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine: an updated systematic literature review","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad183","article-title":"Impact of human papillomavirus vaccine against anal human papillomavirus infection, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and recurrence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"228","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239085","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2239085","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness by age at vaccination: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Ellingson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B13","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: Canadian immunization guide. Ottawa: Government of Canada","author":"Government of Canada","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e531","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00108-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of anal human papillomavirus infection and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 29 900 men according to HIV status, sexuality, and age: a collaborative pooled analysis of 64 studies","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33185","article-title":"A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence by risk group: toward a unified anal cancer risk scale","volume":"148","author":"Clifford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157976","article-title":"Oral human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B17","article-title":"The BC communicable disease control manual. Chapter 2: immunization. Vancouver: British Columbia Centre for Disease Control","author":"BC Centre for Disease Control","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B18","article-title":"Ontario's routine immunization schedule. Toronto: King\u2019s Printer for Ontario","author":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care","year":"2024"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B19","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program. Queb\u00e9c: Gouvernement du Queb\u00e9c","author":"Gouvernement du Queb\u00e9c","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024111514570690800_jiae345-B20","article-title":"Updated recommendations on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: 9-valent HPV vaccine 2-dose immunization schedule and the use of HPV vaccines in immunocompromised populations. 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