{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:13:04Z","timestamp":1784697184276,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI127845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI127845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32ES007018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES007018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sapovirus is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in childhood. While vaccines against sapovirus may reduce gastroenteritis burden, a major challenge to their development is a lack of information about natural immunity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We measured sapovirus-specific IgG in serum collected between 2017 and 2020 of mothers soon after delivery and at 6 time points in Nicaraguan children until 3 years of age (n = 112 dyads), using virus-like particles representing 3 sapovirus genotypes (GI.1, GI.2, GV.1).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 112 children, 16 (14.3%) experienced at least 1 sapovirus gastroenteritis episode, of which GI.1 was the most common genotype. Seroconversion to GI.1 and GI.2 was most common between 5 and 12 months of age, while seroconversion to GV.1 peaked at 18 to 24 months of age. All children who experienced sapovirus GI.1 gastroenteritis seroconverted and developed genotype-specific IgG. The impact of sapovirus exposure on population immunity was determined by antigenic cartography: newborns share their mothers\u2019 broadly binding IgG responses, which declined at 5 months of age and then increased as infants experienced natural sapovirus infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>By tracking humoral immunity to sapovirus over the first 3 years of life, this study provides important insights for the design and timing of future pediatric sapovirus vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T05:16:40Z","timestamp":1721366200000},"page":"480-489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Charting the Impact of Maternal Antibodies and Repeat Exposures on Sapovirus Immunity in Early Childhood From a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9819-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filem\u00f3n","family":"Bucardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L","family":"Mallory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredman","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent researcher, Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoska","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja A","family":"Vielot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyd L","family":"Yount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies Division, National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Toval-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lester","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Tropicales, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica , San Jos\u00e9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Vinj\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph S","family":"Baric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa C","family":"Lindesmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Becker-Dreps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2302","article-title":"Global molecular prevalence and genotype distribution of sapovirus in children with gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Razizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piy077","article-title":"Viral etiology of acute gastroenteritis in &lt;2-year-old US children in the post\u2013rotavirus vaccine era","volume":"8","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000671","article-title":"Sapovirus: an emerging cause of childhood diarrhea","volume":"33","author":"Becker-Dreps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102033","article-title":"Serological humoral immunity following natural infection of children with high burden gastrointestinal viruses","volume":"13","author":"Zweigart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30349-8","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac861","article-title":"Sapovirus infections in an Australian community-based healthy birth cohort during the first 2 years of life","volume":"76","author":"El-Heneidy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1103","article-title":"Epidemiology of sapovirus infections in a birth cohort in Peru","volume":"66","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003015","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical profile of sapovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis in early childhood: a Nicaraguan birth cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Vielot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e683","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1938","article-title":"Diarrheal pathogens associated with growth and neurodevelopment","volume":"73","author":"Donowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.05.003","article-title":"Genetic diversity of human sapovirus across the Americas","volume":"104","author":"Diez-Valcarce","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.11.013","article-title":"Timing and genotype distribution of symptomatic and asymptomatic sapovirus infections and re-infections in a Nicaraguan birth cohort","volume":"29","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-004-0406-8","article-title":"Cross-reactivity among sapovirus recombinant capsid proteins","volume":"150","author":"Hansman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(98)00169-4","article-title":"Expression and characterization of Sapporo-like human calicivirus capsid proteins in baculovirus","volume":"78","author":"Jiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-13","article-title":"Mutational study of sapovirus expression in insect cells","volume":"2","author":"Hansman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0506-0","article-title":"Characterization of polyclonal antibodies raised against sapovirus genogroup five virus-like particles","volume":"150","author":"Hansman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.070402","article-title":"Antigenic diversity of human sapoviruses","volume":"13","author":"Hansman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050199","article-title":"Sapporo-like human caliciviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse","volume":"142","author":"Jiang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.100954","article-title":"Emergent variant modeling of the serological repertoire to norovirus in young children","volume":"4","author":"Lindesmith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0346-8_5","volume-title":"Anim influenza virus","author":"Sitaras","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104718","article-title":"Human Calicivirus Typing tool: a web-based tool for genotyping human norovirus and sapovirus sequences","volume":"134","author":"Tatusov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0820-1","article-title":"The detection of human sapoviruses with universal and genogroup-specific primers","volume":"151","author":"Okada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050722","article-title":"Intergenogroup recombination in sapoviruses","volume":"11","author":"Hansman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1305-1307.2004","article-title":"Genetic diversity of norovirus and sapovirus in hospitalized infants with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand","volume":"42","author":"Hansman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097211","article-title":"Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus","volume":"305","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B25","unstructured":"Nguyen C . Dockerized antigenic cartography. Zenodo; 4 December 2023. Available at: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/doi\/10.5281\/zenodo.10257200. Accessed 6 December 2023."},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"Ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00298-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00298-22","article-title":"Atomic structure of the human sapovirus capsid reveals a unique capsid protein conformation in caliciviruses","volume":"96","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091929","article-title":"Replication of human sapovirus in human-induced pluripotent stem cell\u2013derived intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01383-1","article-title":"Age-associated features of norovirus infection analysed in mice","volume":"8","author":"Kennedy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24155","article-title":"Four-year study of viruses that cause diarrhea in Japanese pediatric outpatients: four-year study of viruses cause diarrhea in Japan","volume":"87","author":"Thongprachum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.03.013","article-title":"Sapovirus prevalence in children less than five years of age hospitalised for diarrhoeal disease in South Africa, 2009\u20132013","volume":"78","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14129","article-title":"Molecular characterization of human Sapovirus in untreated sewage in Italy by amplicon-based Sanger and next-generation sequencing","volume":"126","author":"Mancini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09469-x","article-title":"Detection of human sapoviruses in sewage in China by next generation sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Environ Virol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05806-11","article-title":"Norovirus infectivity in humans and persistence in water","volume":"77","author":"Seitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01087-06","article-title":"Development of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of sapovirus-specific antibodies and its application in a study of seroprevalence in children","volume":"44","author":"Farkas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015874118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015874118","article-title":"Antigenic cartography reveals complexities of genetic determinants that lead to antigenic differences among pandemic GII.4 noroviruses","volume":"118","author":"Kendra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025022016431924000_jiae368-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0613-y","article-title":"Expression of sapovirus virus-like particles in mammalian cells","volume":"151","author":"Oka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Virol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae368\/58785703\/jiae368.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/2\/480\/58785703\/jiae368.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/2\/480\/58785703\/jiae368.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1740069818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/231\/2\/480\/7718711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae368","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]}}}