{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:17Z","timestamp":1787008997832,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 A137522, K23 AI157875, U24AI143502, R44AI124996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 A137522, K23 AI157875, U24AI143502, R44AI124996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DARE Collaboratory","award":["AI096109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI096109"]}]},{"name":"DARE Collaboratory","award":["A127966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A127966"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008069","name":"University of California San Francisco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gladstone","award":["P30 AI027763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI027763"]}]},{"name":"Gladstone","award":["R24 AI067039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24 AI067039"]}]},{"name":"Gladstone","award":["1738428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1738428"]}]},{"name":"amfAR Institute"},{"name":"I4C Collaboratory"},{"name":"Beat-HIV Collaboratory"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICI20\/00058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICI20\/00058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/00141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During antiretroviral therapy (ART), the HIV reservoir shows variability, with cells carrying intact genomes decaying faster than those with defective genomes, particularly in the first years. The host factors influencing this decay remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational study of 74 PWH on ART, 70 (94.6%) of whom were male. Intact proviruses were measured using the intact proviral DNA assay, and 32 inflammatory cytokines were quantified using Luminex immunoassay. Linear spline models assessed the impact of baseline cytokine levels and their trajectories on intact HIV kinetics over seven years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline Gal-9 was the strongest predictor, with lower levels predicting faster decay. A 10-fold decrease in baseline Gal-9 correlated with a 45% (95% CI, 14%\u201384%) greater annual decay of intact HIV genomes. Higher baseline interferon-inducible T-cell \u03b1 chemoattractant (ITAC), interleukin 17 (IL-17), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1\u03b1 (MIP-1\u03b1) levels also predicted faster decay. Longitudinal increases in MIP-3\u03b1 and decreases in IL-6 were linked to a 9.5% and 10% faster decay, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between lower baseline Gal-9 and faster intact HIV decay suggests targeting Gal-9 could enhance reservoir reduction. The involvement of MIP-3\u03b1 and IL-6 highlights a broader cytokine regulatory network, suggesting potential multi-targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T19:31:05Z","timestamp":1724700665000},"page":"156-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Galectin 9 Levels as a Potential Predictor of Intact HIV Reservoir Decay"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5447-3554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Serrano-Villar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, and University of California San Francisco"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, and IRICYS"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshay","family":"Gala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute and University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bacchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, and University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"di Germanio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute and University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian B","family":"Cohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J","family":"Henrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, and University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, and University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory M","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Accelevir 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