{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:44:58Z","timestamp":1791308698944,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Noroviruses are an important viral cause of chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected norovirus-positive stool samples (n = 448) from immunocompromised patients (n = 88) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Research Center from 2010 to 2022. We assessed norovirus molecular epidemiology and infectivity in human intestinal enteroid (HIE) monolayers and clinical characteristics of the cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Noroviruses were genetically diverse: both genogroup I (GI.2, GI.5 and GI.6) and genogroup II (GII.1-GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.14, and GII.17) genotypes were detected, with GII.4 variants (Osaka, Apeldoorn, Den Haag, New Orleans, and Sydney) predominant (51\/88 [57.9%]). Viruses belonging to the GII.4 Sydney variant group that replicated in HIEs (n = 9) showed a higher fold-increase in RNA genome copies compared to others that replicated. Chronic norovirus infection was documented in thirty-nine patients with shedding levels ranging from 104 to 1011 genome copies\/g of stool. The majority (32\/39 [82%]) had clinical evidence of an inborn error of immunity (13 identified monogenic diseases), most with combined immunodeficiency (15 of 32) or common variable immunodeficiency (11 of 32).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetically and biologically diverse noroviruses established chronic infection in NIH patients with both inborn and acquired immunologic defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T08:35:35Z","timestamp":1724920535000},"page":"784-794","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Decade of Chronic Norovirus Infection Surveillance at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Center: Clinical Characteristics, Molecular Epidemiology, and Replication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Natthawan","family":"Chaimongkol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Y","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Matsushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0984-6881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Durkee-Shock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karenna","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney N","family":"Ahorrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary A","family":"Fahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Bok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Behrle-Yardley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan A","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennise A","family":"de Jes\u00fas-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel I","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A","family":"Levenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Yukio","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav V","family":"Sosnovtsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8189-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim Y","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caliciviruses Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001999-10","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999","article-title":"The vast and varied global burden of norovirus: prospects for prevention and control","volume":"13","author":"Lopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12761","article-title":"Norovirus infection in immunocompromised hosts","volume":"20","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12884","article-title":"Chronic norovirus infection and common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"188","author":"Woodward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.14.6581-6591.2000","article-title":"Norwalk virus open reading frame 3 encodes a minor structural protein","volume":"74","author":"Glass","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5438.287","article-title":"X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid","volume":"286","author":"Prasad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001318","article-title":"Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes","volume":"100","author":"Chhabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1708-5","article-title":"Proposal for a unified norovirus nomenclature and genotyping","volume":"158","author":"Kroneman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02202-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02202-19","article-title":"Population genomics of GII.4 noroviruses reveal complex diversification and new antigenic sites involved in the emergence of pandemic strains","volume":"10","author":"Tohma","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171622","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01716-22","article-title":"Minimal antigenic evolution after a decade of norovirus GII.4 Sydney_2012 circulation in humans","volume":"97","author":"Parra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1086\/591627","article-title":"High prevalence of prolonged norovirus shedding and illness among hospitalized patients: a model for in vivo molecular evolution","volume":"198","author":"Siebenga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000476","article-title":"Human noroviruses: recent advances in a 50-year history","volume":"31","author":"Atmar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30059-8","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of norovirus, 2005\u201316: an epidemiological analysis of data collected from the NoroNet network","volume":"18","author":"van Beek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vez048","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vez048","article-title":"Emergence of norovirus strains: a tale of two genes","volume":"5","author":"Parra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2354","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2354","article-title":"Global and regional circulation trends of norovirus genotypes and recombinants, 1995\u20132019: a comprehensive review of sequences from public databases","volume":"32","author":"Kendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060535","article-title":"Emerging novel GII.P16 noroviruses associated with multiple capsid genotypes","volume":"11","author":"Barclay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00455-17","article-title":"Genetic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 demonstrated emergence of novel GII.4 recombinant viruses","volume":"55","author":"Cannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30508-12","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.15.30508","article-title":"Emergence of new recombinant noroviruses GII.p16-GII.4 and GII.p16-GII.2, France, winter 2016 to 2017","volume":"22","author":"Bidalot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100548","article-title":"Recombinant GII.P16\/GII.4 Sydney 2012 was the dominant norovirus identified in Australia and New Zealand in 2017","volume":"10","author":"Lun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw169","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw169","article-title":"Epidemiology of norovirus infection among immunocompromised patients at a tertiary care research hospital, 2010\u20132013","volume":"3","author":"Bok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix651","article-title":"Antigenic characterization of a novel recombinant GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney norovirus strain with minor sequence variation leading to antibody escape","volume":"217","author":"Lindesmith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102802","article-title":"Prolonged norovirus infections correlate to quasispecies evolution resulting in structural changes of surface-exposed epitopes","volume":"24","author":"Afridi","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0217723","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02177-23","article-title":"Norovirus evolves as one or more distinct clonal populations in immunocompromised hosts","volume":"14","author":"Chaimongkol","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1967706","article-title":"Viral intra-host evolution in immunocompetent children contributes to human norovirus diversification at the global scale","volume":"10","author":"Tohma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00404-9","article-title":"Genogroup-specific PCR primers for detection of Norwalk-like viruses","volume":"100","author":"Kojima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.03.006","article-title":"An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and noroviruses","volume":"51","author":"Kroneman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001332","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Caliciviridae","volume":"100","author":"Vinje","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104689","article-title":"Single-step RT-PCR assay for dual genotyping of GI and GII norovirus strains","volume":"134","author":"Chhabra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz312","article-title":"Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) for macOS","volume":"37","author":"Stecher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5211","article-title":"Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids","volume":"353","author":"Ettayebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081708","article-title":"Long term norovirus infection in a patient with severe common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"14","author":"Ottosson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00371","article-title":"Intrahost norovirus evolution in chronic infection over 5 years of shedding in a kidney transplant recipient","volume":"9","author":"Steyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00352-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00352-16","article-title":"Human norovirus evolution in a chronically infected host","volume":"2","author":"Doerflinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.07.036","article-title":"A comprehensive characterization of chronic norovirus infection in immunodeficient hosts","volume":"144","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.08.002","article-title":"Chronic norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency disorders: an international case series","volume":"93","author":"Rolfes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000557","article-title":"Norovirus in health care and implications for the immunocompromised host","volume":"32","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00448-09","article-title":"New real-time PCR detects prolonged norovirus excretion in highly immunosuppressed patients and children","volume":"47","author":"Henke-Gendo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21217","article-title":"Quantitative detection of norovirus excretion in pediatric patients with cancer and prolonged gastroenteritis and shedding of norovirus","volume":"80","author":"Ludwig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2021.10.006","article-title":"Clinical and virological characteristics of viral shedding in children with norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24242","article-title":"Long-term viral shedding and viral genome mutation in norovirus infection","volume":"87","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.042","article-title":"Morbidity, mortality, and therapeutics in combined immunodeficiency: data from the USIDNET registry","volume":"10","author":"Durkee-Shock","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01308-10","article-title":"Chronic shedders as reservoir for nosocomial transmission of norovirus","volume":"48","author":"Sukhrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.050","article-title":"Long-term expansion of epithelial organoids from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett's epithelium","volume":"141","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01930-15","article-title":"Human intestinal enteroids: a new model to study human rotavirus infection, host restriction, and pathophysiology","volume":"90","author":"Saxena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008057","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008057","article-title":"Astrovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids reveals multi-cellular tropism and an intricate host innate immune landscape","volume":"15","author":"Kolawole","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060619","article-title":"Infectious norovirus is chronically shed by immunocompromised pediatric hosts","volume":"12","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617363114","article-title":"Enteroviruses infect human enteroids and induce antiviral signaling in a cell lineage-specific manner","volume":"114","author":"Drummond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.180126","article-title":"Human norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids as model to evaluate virus inactivation","volume":"24","author":"Costantini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910138117","article-title":"Bile acids and ceramide overcome the entry restriction for GII.3 human norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids","volume":"117","author":"Murakami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23782","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010834117","article-title":"Human norovirus exhibits strain-specific sensitivity to host interferon pathways in human intestinal enteroids","volume":"117","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025031709160609000_jiae440-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0085522","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00855-22","article-title":"Human norovirus efficiently replicates in differentiated 3D-human intestinal enteroids","volume":"96","author":"Mirabelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae440\/59182203\/jiae440.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/3\/784\/59182203\/jiae440.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/3\/784\/59182203\/jiae440.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T05:16:32Z","timestamp":1742188592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/231\/3\/784\/7745002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae440","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}