{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:17:14Z","timestamp":1793330234178,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K08HL143183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K08HL143183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL173059-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL173059-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014989","name":"Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014989","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chleck Foundation"},{"name":"Hostetter Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is crucial for refining COVID-19 immunization strategies. Generation of mucosal immune responses, including mucosal IgA, could be of potential benefit to vaccine efficacy; however, limited evidence exists regarding the production of mucosal antibodies following the administration of current mRNA vaccines to young children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured the levels of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from a cohort of children under 5 years of age (n = 24) undergoing SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination (serially collected, matched serum and saliva samples) or in a convenience sample of children under 5 years of age presenting to pediatric emergency department (nasal swabs, n = 103). Furthermore, we assessed salivary and nasal samples for the ability to induce SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal analysis of post-vaccine responses in saliva revealed the induction of SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific IgG but not IgA. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific IgA was only observed in nasal samples obtained from previously infected children with or without vaccination, but not in vaccinated children without a history of infection. In addition, oronasopharyngeal samples obtained from children with prior infection were able to trigger enhanced spike-mediated NET formation, and IgA played a key role in driving this process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the induction of specific IgG in the oronasal mucosa, current intramuscular vaccines have limited ability to generate mucosal IgA in young children. These results confirm the independence of mucosal IgA responses from systemic humoral responses following mRNA vaccination and suggest potential future vaccination strategies for enhancing mucosal protection in this young age group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T02:07:13Z","timestamp":1725674833000},"page":"1390-1399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines Induce Robust Levels of IgG but Limited Amounts of IgA Within the Oronasopharynx of Young Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, 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