{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:51:15Z","timestamp":1790290275205,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI168436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI168436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although tuberculosis is an ancient disease, recognition of its airborne route of transmission, with implications for respiratory isolation, is relatively recent. Historically, the disease was believed to be hereditary or contracted by inhaling \u2018miasma,\u2019 or corrupted air, and patients were not routinely isolated. The sanatorium initially served as a place of healing for patients with tuberculosis. Discovery of the tubercle bacillus and its mode of transmission via aerosol in the late 19th\/early 20th century reinforced the important public health role of sanatoria and tuberculosis hospitals in preventing disease transmission through isolation. In recent decades, outpatients receiving treatment are required to remain in respiratory isolation at home until they are deemed noninfectious based on multiple sputum samples. This historical review demonstrates that despite changing medical knowledge, drug therapies, and social conditions over time, the role of isolation remains an important topic of debate in the treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T15:19:51Z","timestamp":1727882391000},"page":"3-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Respiratory Isolation for Tuberculosis: A Historical Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1338-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros C","family":"Karakousis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7775-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062418095021500_jiae477-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae199","article-title":"National Tuberculosis Coalition of America (NTCA) guidelines for respiratory isolation and restrictions to reduce transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis in community settings [published online ahead of print 18 April 2024]","author":"Shah","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025062418095021500_jiae477-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003","article-title":"Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping","volume":"41","author":"Zink","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025062418095021500_jiae477-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)65185-9","article-title":"Molecular evidence for tuberculosis in an ancient Egyptian mummy","volume":"350","author":"Nerlich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025062418095021500_jiae477-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.6.2091","article-title":"Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a pre-Columbian Peruvian mummy","volume":"91","author":"Salo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025062418095021500_jiae477-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000029220","article-title":"History of tuberculosis","volume":"65","author":"Herzog","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2025062418095021500_jiae477-B6","first-page":"E9","article-title":"The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus","volume":"58","author":"Barberis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025062418095021500_jiae477-B7","volume-title":"A clinician's guide to tuberculosis","author":"Iseman","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025062418095021500_jiae477-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004232549","volume-title":"Greek medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: selected papers by Jacques Jouanna; 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