{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:19:09Z","timestamp":1781306349951,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"(NIH)","award":["HHSN272201300015I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300015I"]}]},{"name":"(NIH)","award":["HHSN272201300018I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300018I"]}]},{"name":"(NIH)","award":["R01AI125642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI125642"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005224","name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the CDC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Challenges remain in discerning microbiologic etiology and disease severity in childhood pneumonia. Defining host transcriptomic profiles during illness may facilitate improved diagnostic and prognostic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using whole blood RNA sequencing from 222 hospitalized children with radiographic pneumonia and 45 age-matched controls, we identified differentially expressed (DE) genes that best identified children according to detected microbial pathogens (viral only vs bacterial only and typical vs atypical bacterial [with or without [\u00b1] viral co-detection]) and an ordinal measure of phenotypic severity (moderate, severe, very severe).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 135 (61%) children had viral-only detections, 15 (7%) had typical bacterial detections (\u00b1 viral co-detections), and 26 (12%) had atypical bacterial detections (\u00b1 viral co-detections). Eleven DE genes distinguished between viral-only and bacterial-only detections. Sixteen DE genes distinguished between atypical and typical bacterial detections (\u00b1 viral co-detections). Nineteen DE genes distinguished between levels of pneumonia severity, including 4 genes also identified in the viral-only versus bacterial-only model (IGHGP, PI3, CD177, RAP1GAP1) and 4 genes from the typical versus atypical bacterial model (PRSS23, IFI27, OLFM4, ABO).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified transcriptomic biomarkers associated with microbial detections and phenotypic severity in children hospitalized with pneumonia. These DE genes are promising candidates for validation and translation into diagnostic and prognostic tools.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T19:38:46Z","timestamp":1728589126000},"page":"e277-e289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transcriptomic Biomarkers Associated With Microbiological Etiology and Disease Severity in Childhood Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0295-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek J","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, 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